The Relationship between Dietary Calcium and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participant Recruitment
2.2. Definition of ARMD and Ophthalmic Examination
2.3. Assessment of Dietary Mineral Elements
2.4. Study Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Association between Micronutrients and ARMD
3.3. Comparison of the Relationship between Dietary, Serum Concentration of Calcium, and ARMD
3.4. Association between Tertiles of Dietary Calcium and The Presence of ARMD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | ARMD (n = 391) | No ARMD (n = 4728) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Continuous variables, mean (SD) | |||
Age (years) | 70.20 (11.43) | 58.33 (11.99) | 0.008 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.51 (5.55) | 29.28 (5.58) | 0.005 |
Dietary micronutrients | |||
Calcium (mg) | 801.65 (455.62) | 864.34 (535.11) | 0.013 |
Magnesium (mg) | 261.18 (116.10) | 286.87 (144.44) | 0.002 |
Iron (mg) | 14.35 (8.18) | 14.85 (8.32) | 0.540 |
Zinc (mg) | 10.69 (9.30) | 11.64 (11.65) | 0.506 |
Copper (mg) | 1.34 (1.09) | 1.32 (1.23) | 0.176 |
Sodium (mg) | 2844.92 (1425.18) | 3209.50 (1713.98) | <0.001 |
Selenium (mcg) | 92.25 (47.49) | 103.90 (58.44) | 0.003 |
Laboratory data | |||
Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 8.00 (4.21) | 8.60 (5.32) | 0.013 |
Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 104.61 (31.33) | 106.58 (40.59) | 0.010 |
ALT (U/L) | 23.91 (23.01) | 25.83 (20.12) | 0.351 |
Platelet (103/uL) | 255.71 (72.89) | 268.51 (69.37) | 0.858 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.01 (0.34) | 0.94 (0.45) | 0.208 |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55.04 (16.36) | 53.32 (16.31) | 0.493 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.45 (41.72) | 203.63 (43.08) | 0.799 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.57 (1.19) | 0.46 (0.85) | <0.001 |
Category Variables, (%) | |||
Gender (male) | 209 (53.4) | 2395 (50.6) | 0.338 |
Non-Hispanic White | 283 (72.3) | 2532 (53.5) | 0.144 |
Coronary heart disease | 40 (10.2) | 256 (5.4) | 0.659 |
Angina pectoris | 26 (6.6) | 184 (3.9) | 0.559 |
Liver condition | 15 (3.83) | 212 (4.48) | 0.569 |
Cigarette smoking | 60 (15.3) | 867 (18.3) | 0.004 |
Model 1 OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Model 3 OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Model 4 OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-related Macular Degeneration | ||||||||
Calcium | 0.629 (0.458–0.853) | 0.004 | 0.687 (0.488–0.967) | 0.031 | 0.672 (0.476–0.949) | 0.024 | 0.680 (0.482–0.960) | 0.029 |
Magnesium | 0.160 (0.051–0.502) | 0.002 | 0.308 (0.089–1.065) | 0.063 | 0.291 (0.083–1.027) | 0.055 | 0.343 (0.097–1.215) | 0.097 |
Iron | 0.000 (0.000–8.454) | 0.082 | 0.000 (0.000–9.542) | 0.175 | 0.000 (0.000–4.356) | 0.191 | 0.000 (0.000–7.307) | 0.259 |
Zinc | 0.000 (0.000–0.258) | 0.038 | 0.000 (0.000–7.040) | 0.244 | 0.000 (0.000–6.722) | 0.244 | 0.000 (0.000–4.544) | 0.249 |
Copper | 0.000 (0.000–2.595) | 0.623 | 0.000 (0.000–3.330) | 0.828 | 0.000 (0.000–5.315) | 0.778 | 0.000 (0.000–7.310) | 0.796 |
Sodium | 0.858 (0.780–0.944) | 0.002 | 0.950 (0.858–1.053) | 0.330 | 0.946 (0.853–1.048) | 0.287 | 0.954 (0.861–1.057) | 0.365 |
Selenium | 0.018 (0.001–0.312) | 0.006 | 0.208 (0.010–4.484) | 0.316 | 0.174 (0.008–3.856) | 0.269 | 0.222 (0.010–4.866) | 0.339 |
Model 1 OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Model 3 OR (95% CI) | p Value | Model 4 OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-related Macular Degeneration | ||||||||
Dietary calcium | 0.629 (0.458–0.853) | 0.004 | 0.687 (0.488–0.967) | 0.031 | 0.671 (0.475–0.948) | 0.024 | 0.680 (0.482–0.960) | 0.029 |
Serum calcium | 0.768 (0.523–1.129) | 0.179 | 0.784 (0.525–1.169) | 0.233 | 0.836 (0.554–1.261) | 0.392 | 0.839 (0.555–1.269) | 0.405 |
Dietary Calcium | Model 1 OR (95% CI) | p Value | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | p Value | Model 3 OR (95% CI) | p Value | Model 4 OR (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-related Macular Degeneration | ||||||||
T1 vs T3 | 0.886 (0.635–1.237) | 0.478 | 0.891 (0.631–1.256) | 0.509 | 0.891 (0.630–1.261) | 0.514 | 0.910 (0.643–1.289) | 0.597 |
T2 vs T3 | 0.647 (0.452–0.928) | 0.018 | 0.696 (0.479–1.012) | 0.058 | 0.680 (0.466–0.992) | 0.045 | 0.684 (0.468–1.000) | 0.050 |
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Chen, Y.-Y.; Chen, Y.-J. The Relationship between Dietary Calcium and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients 2023, 15, 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030671
Chen Y-Y, Chen Y-J. The Relationship between Dietary Calcium and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients. 2023; 15(3):671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030671
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yuan-Yuei, and Ying-Jen Chen. 2023. "The Relationship between Dietary Calcium and Age-Related Macular Degeneration" Nutrients 15, no. 3: 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030671