Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-Containing Infant Formulas and the Associations with Gastrointestinal Tolerance: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Outcome Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Infants’ Characteristics
3.2. Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire Composite Scores
3.3. Individual IGSQ Items and Additional GI-Tolerance Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | BFI | FFI + LR | FFI-Std |
---|---|---|---|
n = 760 | n = 470 | n = 501 | |
Age, days | 82.1 (0.9) | 80.2 (1.0) | 82.5 (1.1) |
Sex | |||
Female, % | 44.6 | 48.5 | 43.7 |
Male, % | 55.4 | 51.5 | 56.3 |
Delivery type * | |||
Caesarean, % | 38.4 | 37.9 | 50.9 |
Vaginal, % | 61.6 | 62.1 | 49.1 |
Gestational age at birth, weeks | 38.7 (0.0) | 38.5 (0.1) | 38.5 (0.1) |
Mother’s education * | |||
Low (primary school or lower), % | 16.1 | 26.6 | 15.8 |
Medium (high school or professional school), % | 42.0 | 46.8 | 45.5 |
High (college or higher), % | 42.0 | 26.6 | 38.7 |
History of gastrointestinal disease in parents | |||
No, % | 74.5 | 77.2 | 76.8 |
Yes, % | 25.5 | 22.8 | 23.2 |
Birth weight *, g | 3068 (18) | 3001 (26) | 2972 (21) |
Birth length *, cm | 49.3 (0.1) | 49.2 (0.2) | 48.6 (0.1) |
Birth head circumference *, cm | 33.5 (0.1) | 33.6 (0.1) | 33.9 (0.1) |
Weight at visit **, g | 5503 (35) | 5137 (48) | 5441 (42) |
Length at visit **, cm | 58.6 (0.2) | 57.7 (0.2) | 58.9 (0.2) |
Head circumference at visit ***, cm | 39.1 (0.1) | 38.8 (0.1) | 39.1 (0.1) |
IGSQ Domain | IGSQ Measure | Comparison | Difference of Adjusted Mean | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stool | 1. Hard stools: “How many times did your baby pass a hard stool?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.12 | −0.21, −0.02 | 0.02 |
FFI + LR–BFI | 0.06 | −0.02, 0.14 | 0.15 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.17 | 0.09, 0.26 | <0.01 | ||
2. Difficulty in passing stool: “How many times did your baby have difficulty when passing a bowel movement?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.05 | −0.18, 0.07 | 0.38 | |
FFI + LR–BFI | 0.15 | 0.05, 0.26 | <0.01 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.21 | 0.10, 0.31 | <0.01 | ||
Spitting-up/Vomiting | 3. Frequency of spit up: “How many times did milk come out of your baby’s mouth?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.18 | −0.34, −0.03 | 0.02 |
FFI + LR–BFI | −0.09 | −0.22, 0.05 | 0.22 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.10 | −0.03, 0.23 | 0.15 | ||
4. Volume of milk spit up: “How much milk usually came out each time?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.20 | −0.32, −0.08 | <0.01 | |
FFI + LR–BFI | −0.08 | −0.18, 0.03 | 0.14 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.12 | 0.02, 0.22 | 0.02 | ||
5. Discomfort when spitting-up: “How often did your baby seem uncomfortable or fussy when milk came out of his or her mouth?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.17 | −0.29, −0.05 | <0.01 | |
FFI + LR–BFI | −0.05 | −0.15, 0.06 | 0.39 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.12 | 0.02, 0.23 | 0.02 | ||
6. Frequency of arching back: “How many times did your baby arch his or her back as if in pain when milk came out of his or her mouth?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.01 | −0.11, 0.09 | 0.91 | |
FFI + LR–BFI | 0.01 | −0.08, 0.09 | 0.91 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.01 | −0.07, 0.10 | 0.80 | ||
Crying | 7. Total crying time: “How much total time did your baby usually cry in a day?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.15 | −0.28, −0.01 | 0.03 |
FFI + LR–BFI | 0.06 | −0.06, 0.17 | 0.32 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.20 | 0.09, 0.32 | <0.01 | ||
8. Unable to soothe crying: “How many times were you unable to soothe your baby to stop his or her crying?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.01 | −0.16, 0.13 | 0.85 | |
FFI + LR–BFI | −0.10 | −0.22, 0.03 | 0.12 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | −0.08 | −0.20, 0.04 | 0.18 | ||
9. Crying after feeding: “How many times did your baby cry during or right after a feeding because the milk bothered your baby?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.08 | −0.22, 0.06 | 0.26 | |
FFI + LR–BFI | −0.09 | −0.21, 0.03 | 0.14 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | −0.01 | −0.13, 0.11 | 0.87 | ||
Fussiness | 10. Frequency of fussiness: “On how many days was your baby fussy?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | 0.00 | −0.15, 0.15 | 0.99 |
FFI + LR–BFI | −0.01 | −0.14, 0.12 | 0.89 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | −0.01 | −0.13, 0.11 | 0.88 | ||
11. Unable to soothe fussiness: “How many times were you unable to soothe your baby when he or she was fussy?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.02 | −0.15, 0.10 | 0.70 | |
FFI + LR–BFI | −0.03 | −0.14, 0.08 | 0.62 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.00 | −0.11, 0.11 | 0.95 | ||
Flatulence | 12. Frequency of gassiness: “How many times in a usual day was your baby gassy?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.16 | −0.32, 0.00 | 0.05 |
FFI + LR–BFI | −0.04 | −0.18, 0.10 | 0.61 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.12 | −0.01, 0.26 | 0.07 | ||
13. Discomfort due to gas: “How often did gas seem to make your baby uncomfortable or fussy?” | FFI + LR–FFI-Std | −0.11 | −0.25, 0.03 | 0.11 | |
FFI + LR–BFI | 0.01 | −0.11, 0.13 | 0.92 | ||
FFI-Std–BFI | 0.12 | 0.002, 0.24 | 0.05 |
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Happy Tummy Consortium; Lavalle, L.; Sauvageot, N.; Cercamondi, C.I.; Jankovic, I.; Egli, D.; Vandenplas, Y. Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-Containing Infant Formulas and the Associations with Gastrointestinal Tolerance: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030530
Happy Tummy Consortium, Lavalle L, Sauvageot N, Cercamondi CI, Jankovic I, Egli D, Vandenplas Y. Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-Containing Infant Formulas and the Associations with Gastrointestinal Tolerance: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(3):530. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030530
Chicago/Turabian StyleHappy Tummy Consortium, Luca Lavalle, Nicolas Sauvageot, Colin Ivano Cercamondi, Ivana Jankovic, Delphine Egli, and Yvan Vandenplas. 2023. "Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-Containing Infant Formulas and the Associations with Gastrointestinal Tolerance: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study" Nutrients 15, no. 3: 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030530
APA StyleHappy Tummy Consortium, Lavalle, L., Sauvageot, N., Cercamondi, C. I., Jankovic, I., Egli, D., & Vandenplas, Y. (2023). Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938-Containing Infant Formulas and the Associations with Gastrointestinal Tolerance: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Nutrients, 15(3), 530. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030530