Beef Intake Is Associated with Higher Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Adequacy in U.S. Adolescents, NHANES 2001–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Determination of Beef Intake
2.3. Nutrient Intake Calculations
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Beef Intake
3.2. Nutrient Intake
3.3. Nutrient Adequacy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Beef Intake | Females (N = 852) | Males (N = 1015) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
g/d | oz/d | g/d | oz/d | |
Mean | 46.81 (2.21) | 1.65 (0.08) | 57.91 (2.67) | 2.04 (0.09) |
Median | 44.80 (2.29) | 1.58 (0.08) | 55.79 (2.72) | 1.97 (0.10) |
90th Percentile | 67.78 (3.46) | 2.39 (0.12) | 82.27 (4.29) | 2.90 (0.15) |
Nutrients | Consumer (N = 852) | Non-Consumer (N = 441) | Consumer vs. Non-Consumer | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Beta (SE) | p | |
Calcium (mg) | 945.3 (20.9) | 785.9 (27.4) | 159.4 (34.5) | <0.0001 |
Copper (mg) | 0.95 (0.02) | 0.88 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.0372 |
Folate, DFE (µg) | 492.2 (11.1) | 429.1 (18.7) | 63.12 (21.7) | 0.0036 |
Iron (mg) | 13.79 (0.25) | 11.80 (0.48) | 1.99 (0.54) | 0.0003 |
Magnesium (mg) | 233.0 (3.90) | 220.2 (7.25) | 12.75 (8.23) | 0.1213 |
Niacin (mg) | 22.67 (0.54) | 20.04 (0.65) | 2.64 (0.84) | 0.0017 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1239 (25.4) | 1064 (41.2) | 174.3 (48.4) | 0.0003 |
Potassium (mg) | 2084 (36.4) | 1868 (60.7) | 215.8 (70.8) | 0.0023 |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) | 1.80 (0.04) | 1.60 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.0032 |
Selenium (µg) | 100.4 (2.05) | 84.19 (2.76) | 16.21 (3.44) | <0.0001 |
Sodium (mg) | 3202 (61.3) | 2628 (75.3) | 574.4 (97.1) | <0.0001 |
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg) | 1.51 (0.03) | 1.33 (0.04) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.0010 |
Total choline (mg) | 250.0 (5.27) | 213.3 (8.16) | 36.70 (9.71) | 0.0002 |
Vitamin A (RE) | 505.4 (14.0) | 511.8 (24.2) | −6.49 (28.0) | 0.8167 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 4.59 (0.13) | 3.34 (0.17) | 1.25 (0.22) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.71 (0.05) | 1.60 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.1742 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 61.78 (2.84) | 60.37 (4.03) | 1.41 (4.93) | 0.7753 |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (µg) | 4.01 (0.14) | 3.80 (0.22) | 0.21 (0.26) | 0.4301 |
Vitamin E (ATE) (mg) | 7.17 (0.16) | 6.96 (0.35) | 0.21 (0.39) | 0.5891 |
Zinc (mg) | 10.18 (0.20) | 7.18 (0.31) | 2.99 (0.36) | <0.0001 |
Nutrients | Consumer (N = 1015) | Non-Consumer (N = 253) | Consumer vs. Non-Consumer | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Difference (SE) | Difference (SE) | |
Calcium (mg) | 1098 (23.6) | 885.1 (35.0) | 213.1 (42.2) | <0.0001 |
Copper (mg) | 1.06 (0.02) | 0.97 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.0588 |
Folate, DFE (µg) | 565.9 (14.8) | 489.4 (27.3) | 76.51 (31.1) | 0.0138 |
Iron (mg) | 16.12 (0.29) | 13.63 (0.78) | 2.48 (0.83) | 0.0029 |
Magnesium (mg) | 263.0 (4.21) | 240.3 (11.7) | 22.74 (12.4) | 0.0674 |
Niacin (mg) | 27.03 (0.56) | 23.80 (1.06) | 3.23 (1.20) | 0.0073 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1452 (25.2) | 1211 (48.2) | 240.8 (54.4) | <0.0001 |
Potassium (mg) | 2388 (37.7) | 2075 (82.5) | 313.5 (90.7) | 0.0005 |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) | 2.11 (0.05) | 1.87 (0.09) | 0.24 (0.10) | 0.0245 |
Selenium (µg) | 118.3 (2.10) | 95.04 (3.32) | 23.25 (3.93) | <0.0001 |
Sodium (mg) | 3755 (66.6) | 2934 (93.4) | 821.4 (115) | <0.0001 |
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg) | 1.78 (0.04) | 1.54 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.0025 |
Total choline (mg) | 291.7 (5.95) | 245.6 (11.2) | 46.05 (12.7) | 0.0003 |
Vitamin A (RE) | 574.1 (14.9) | 563.1 (26.5) | 11.01 (30.4) | 0.7172 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 5.58 (0.16) | 4.12 (0.28) | 1.46 (0.33) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.03 (0.05) | 1.89 (0.11) | 0.13 (0.12) | 0.2520 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 65.16 (2.73) | 65.11 (4.86) | 0.05 (5.57) | 0.9932 |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (µg) | 4.90 (0.13) | 4.58 (0.33) | 0.32 (0.36) | 0.3753 |
Vitamin E (ATE) (mg) | 7.92 (0.16) | 7.91 (0.56) | 0.01 (0.58) | 0.9854 |
Zinc (mg) | 12.03 (0.24) | 8.14 (0.45) | 3.88 (0.51) | <0.0001 |
Nutrients | Total Population (N = 1293) | Consumer (N = 852) | Non-Consumer (N = 441) | Consumer vs. Non-Consumer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Beta (SE) | p | |
Percent Below EAR 3 | |||||
Calcium (mg) | 77.36 (2.10) | 73.34 (2.73) | 86.73 (2.46) | −13.39 (3.68) | 0.0003 |
Copper (mg) | 16.87 (1.74) | 11.80 (1.51) | 27.80 (3.38) | −16.00 (3.70) | <0.0001 |
Folate, DFE (µg) | 17.38 (1.99) | 11.88 (2.00) | 28.57 (4.07) | −16.69 (4.53) | 0.0002 |
Iron (mg) | 12.98 (1.03) | 8.63 (0.88) | 22.63 (2.57) | −14.00 (2.71) | <0.0001 |
Magnesium (mg) | 88.41 (1.62) | 88.46 (1.61) | 87.97 (3.55) | 0.49 (3.90) | 0.8997 |
Niacin (mg) | 1.85 (0.48) | 0.33 (0.21) | 4.70 (1.43) | −4.37 (1.45) | 0.0026 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 36.48 (2.89) | 28.65 (2.92) | 53.36 (5.25) | −24.70 (6.01) | <0.0001 |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) | 3.95 (0.82) | 1.57 (0.49) | 9.59 (2.10) | −8.01 (2.15) | 0.0002 |
Selenium (µg) | 0.73 (0.34) | 0.11 (0.07) | 2.03 (1.02) | −1.92 (1.02) | 0.0606 |
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg) | 6.62 (1.06) | 3.23 (0.92) | 14.33 (2.53) | −11.10 (2.69) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin A (RE) | 50.46 (2.46) | 50.34 (3.01) | 50.70 (4.95) | −0.37 (5.80) | 0.9497 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 8.60 (1.15) | 1.77 (0.61) | 22.20 (3.06) | −20.43 (3.12) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 7.78 (1.22) | 4.41 (1.14) | 15.31 (2.80) | −10.90 (3.02) | 0.0003 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 50.86 (3.11) | 50.05 (3.97) | 51.97 (4.95) | −1.92 (6.35) | 0.7619 |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (µg) | 98.67 (0.26) | 98.92 (0.31) | 98.20 (0.65) | 0.72 (0.72) | 0.3198 |
Vitamin E (ATE) (mg) | 96.40 (0.96) | 97.53 (0.76) | 94.29 (2.52) | 3.24 (2.63) | 0.2174 |
Zinc (mg) | 26.37 (2.42) | 11.22 (1.89) | 57.46 (4.76) | −46.24 (5.12) | <0.0001 |
Percent Above AI 3 | |||||
Potassium (mg) | 27.30 (2.38) | 30.49 (2.53) | 20.53 (3.60) | 9.96 (4.40) | 0.0237 |
Sodium (mg) | 98.54 (0.49) | 99.92 (0.05) | 95.75 (1.30) | 4.16 (1.30) | 0.0014 |
Total choline (mg) | 2.08 (0.50) | 2.13 (0.61) | 1.77 (0.87) | 0.36 (1.06) | 0.7314 |
Nutrients | Total Population (N = 1268) | Consumer (N = 1015) | Non-Consumer (N = 253) | Consumer vs. Non-Consumer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Difference (SE) | Difference (SE) | |
Percent Below EAR 3 | |||||
Calcium (mg) | 58.90 (2.62) | 53.92 (3.07) | 77.78 (3.89) | −23.86 (4.95) | <0.0001 |
Copper (mg) | 8.03 (1.06) | 5.08 (0.99) | 18.38 (3.78) | −13.29 (3.91) | 0.0007 |
Folate, DFE (µg) | 7.20 (1.28) | 4.83 (1.18) | 17.57 (4.11) | −12.74 (4.27) | 0.0029 |
Iron (mg) | 2.66 (0.64) | 1.15 (0.29) | 10.17 (2.64) | −9.02 (2.66) | 0.0007 |
Magnesium (mg) | 89.52 (1.53) | 89.43 (1.50) | 91.29 (4.13) | −1.87 (4.40) | 0.6709 |
Niacin (mg) | 0.50 (0.19) | 0.10 (0.07) | 2.48 (0.97) | −2.38 (0.97) | 0.0142 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 15.85 (1.71) | 10.90 (1.51) | 35.90 (4.84) | −25.00 (5.07) | <0.0001 |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) | 3.22 (0.58) | 1.54 (0.40) | 10.03 (2.21) | −8.48 (2.25) | 0.0002 |
Selenium (µg) | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.66 (0.42) | −0.65 (0.42) | 0.1230 |
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg) | 3.42 (0.71) | 1.49 (0.45) | 10.19 (3.00) | −8.69 (3.03) | 0.0041 |
Vitamin A (RE) | 64.63 (2.56) | 65.21 (2.88) | 66.03 (4.35) | −0.82 (5.22) | 0.8753 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 2.55 (0.56) | 0.40 (0.16) | 11.62 (2.57) | −11.23 (2.58) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 4.02 (0.72) | 2.25 (0.62) | 11.20 (2.74) | −8.96 (2.81) | 0.0014 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 55.17 (3.15) | 54.69 (3.56) | 55.45 (5.62) | −0.77 (6.65) | 0.9083 |
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (µg) | 96.81 (0.56) | 97.00 (0.61) | 96.50 (1.31) | 0.50 (1.45) | 0.7276 |
Vitamin E (ATE) (mg) | 93.83 (1.28) | 94.69 (1.13) | 89.80 (4.58) | 4.89 (4.71) | 0.2993 |
Zinc (mg) | 19.50 (2.01) | 9.47 (1.40) | 60.16 (6.45) | −50.68 (6.60) | <0.0001 |
Percent Above AI 3 | |||||
Potassium (mg) | 11.83 (1.50) | 12.66 (1.63) | 7.61 (2.51) | 5.05 (2.99) | 0.0915 |
Sodium (mg) | 99.68 (0.15) | 99.99 (0.01) | 98.08 (0.80) | 1.91 (0.80) | 0.0168 |
Total choline (mg) | 0.22 (0.11) | 0.22 (0.13) | 0.28 (0.25) | −0.06 (0.28) | 0.8378 |
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Fulgoni, K.; Fulgoni, V.L., III. Beef Intake Is Associated with Higher Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Adequacy in U.S. Adolescents, NHANES 2001–2018. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4996. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234996
Fulgoni K, Fulgoni VL III. Beef Intake Is Associated with Higher Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Adequacy in U.S. Adolescents, NHANES 2001–2018. Nutrients. 2023; 15(23):4996. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234996
Chicago/Turabian StyleFulgoni, Kristin, and Victor L. Fulgoni, III. 2023. "Beef Intake Is Associated with Higher Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Adequacy in U.S. Adolescents, NHANES 2001–2018" Nutrients 15, no. 23: 4996. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234996
APA StyleFulgoni, K., & Fulgoni, V. L., III. (2023). Beef Intake Is Associated with Higher Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Adequacy in U.S. Adolescents, NHANES 2001–2018. Nutrients, 15(23), 4996. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234996