The Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Myelination, Socio-Emotional and Language Development: Observational Data from Breast-Fed Infants in the United States of America
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data
2.2. Human Milk Samples
2.3. Cognitive Assessments
2.4. Neuroimaging
2.5. Analytical Methods for Human Milk Quantification
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population and Demographics
3.2. HMOs
3.3. Correlations between Human Milk HMO Concentration and ASQ-SE:2
3.4. Correlations between Human Milk HMO Concentration and Myelination
3.5. Does Myelination Mediate the Relationship between 6′SL and Social-Emotional Development?
3.6. Correlations between Human Milk HMO Concentration and BAYLEY-III Scores
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ethnicity | n | % |
---|---|---|
Caucasian, White | 77 | 71 |
African American, Black | 8 | 7 |
Mixed race | 8 | 7 |
Hispanic + Latino | 7 | 7 |
Asian | 3 | 3 |
Other | 6 | 5 |
Income | n | % |
200,000 USD or more | 7 | 6 |
150,000–199,999 USD | 10 | 9 |
110,000–149,999 USD | 17 | 16 |
90,000–109,999 USD | 9 | 8 |
70,000–89,999 USD | 11 | 10 |
50,000–69,999 USD | 10 | 9 |
30,000–49,999 USD | 10 | 9 |
10,000–29,999 USD | 10 | 9 |
Missing | 25 | 24 |
Number of siblings at birth | n | % |
0 | 41 | 38 |
1 | 44 | 40 |
2 | 14 | 13 |
3 | 7 | 6 |
4 | 1 | 1 |
5 | 2 | 2 |
Body measures | Mean (SD) | [Min, Max] |
BMI before pregnancy | 27.3 (5.8) | [19, 39.9] |
Gestational Age | Mean (SD) | [Min, Max] |
Weeks | 39.3 (1.08) | [37.0, 41.0] |
Maternal age at recruitment | Mean (SD) | [Min, Max] |
Years | 31 (5) | [19, 43] |
Mode of delivery | n | % |
Vaginal | 77 | 72 |
Maternal education | n | % |
Partial high school (10th or 11th grade) | 2 | 2 |
High school graduate | 8 | 7 |
Partial college/university | 24 | 22 |
Standard college/university graduate/bachelor’s degree | 30 | 28 |
Graduate degree/master’s degree/doctorate/MBA | 43 | 40 |
Maternal IQ | Mean (SD) | [Min, Max] |
Full-scale IQ | 104 (13.6) | [80, 141] |
Perceptual Reasoning Index | 103 (13.4) | [75, 138] |
Verbal Comprehension Index | 103 (13.4) | [74, 151] |
Maternal Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Score | Mean (SD) | % above cut-off |
Total score (last trimester of pregnancy, n = 76) | 4.4 (4.1) | 4 |
Total score (V1, n = 101) | 4.3 (4.6) | 5 |
Total score (V2, n = 86) | 3.5 (3.5) | 1 |
Number of feedings per day a | Mean (SD) | [Min, Max] |
V0 (N = 107) | 10 (3.3) | [1, 30] |
V1 (N = 101) | 9 (2.5) | [2, 20] |
V2 (N = 86) | 8 (2.3) | [1, 14] |
Scale | Visit | Mean (SD) | Median [Min, Max] |
---|---|---|---|
ASQ:SE-2 | 3 mo (N = 87) | 18.7 (12.7) | 15 [0, 55] |
6 mo (N = 78) | 18.8 (13.1) | 20 [0, 75] | |
12 mo (N = 61) | 26.7 (18.1) | 25 [0, 85] | |
18 mo (N = 60) | 28.1 (25.3) | 20 [0, 140] | |
24 mo (N = 55) | 30.0 (22.3) | 30 [0, 95] |
ASQ [12 Months] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | CI | p |
(Intercept) | 63.48 | 43.02–83.93 | <0.001 |
VISITV1 | 0.39 | −15.68–16.45 | 0.962 |
VISITV2 | −6.87 | 21.89–8.15 | 0.368 |
6′SL | −0.04 | −0.06–−0.02 | 0.001 |
Mother edu4 | −19.76 | -41.63–2.11 | 0.076 |
Mother edu5 | −8.68 | −27.86–10.50 | 0.373 |
Mother edu6 | −18.35 | −36.65–−0.06 | 0.049 |
Mother edu7 | −22.34 | −40.49–−4.18 | 0.016 |
VISITV1:6′SL | −0.02 | −0.06–0.02 | 0.234 |
VISITV2:6′SL | −0.05 | −0.11–0.02 | 0.147 |
Observations | 165 | ||
R2/R2 adjusted | 0.241/0.197 |
Independent Component | Proportion Mediated | Total Effect | ACME |
---|---|---|---|
IC_5 | 0.3 *** | −0.0559 *** | −0.0166 *** |
IC_24 | 0.3 *** | −0.058 *** | −0.0193 *** |
IC_67 | 0.6 *** | −0.0553 *** | −0.0322 *** |
IC_74 | 0.3 * | −0.0552 | −0.0153 ** |
IC_150 | 0.4 *** | −0.0564 *** | −0.0217 *** |
IC_175 | 0.6 *** | −0.0574 *** | −0.0274 *** |
Correlation | HMO [mg/L] | Outcome | Time Point Milk Sample | Time Point Bayley | N | p.adj |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.42 | 3FL | Language | 2–5 weeks | 12 months | 54 | 0.02 |
0.45 | 3FL | Language | 6 weeks | 12 months | 51 | 0.02 |
0.44 | 3FL | Language | 2–5 weeks | 12 months | 48 | 0.04 |
0.43 | LNFP-II | Language | 2–5 weeks | 12 months | 54 | 0.02 |
0.41 | LNFP-V | Language | 2–5 weeks | 12 months | 54 | 0.02 |
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Rajhans, P.; Mainardi, F.; Austin, S.; Sprenger, N.; Deoni, S.; Hauser, J.; Schneider, N. The Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Myelination, Socio-Emotional and Language Development: Observational Data from Breast-Fed Infants in the United States of America. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214624
Rajhans P, Mainardi F, Austin S, Sprenger N, Deoni S, Hauser J, Schneider N. The Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Myelination, Socio-Emotional and Language Development: Observational Data from Breast-Fed Infants in the United States of America. Nutrients. 2023; 15(21):4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214624
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajhans, Purva, Fabio Mainardi, Sean Austin, Norbert Sprenger, Sean Deoni, Jonas Hauser, and Nora Schneider. 2023. "The Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Myelination, Socio-Emotional and Language Development: Observational Data from Breast-Fed Infants in the United States of America" Nutrients 15, no. 21: 4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214624