Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Child Growth and Neurodevelopment: An 11-Year Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Pregnancy and Neonatal Parameters
2.3. Socioeconomic Parameters
2.4. Assessment of Child Development
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maternal UIC (µg/L) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | <25 | 25–50 | 50–100 | 100–150 | >150 | |
Number, n | 70 | 7 | 15 | 27 | 16 | 5 |
Sex (M/F), n | 39/31 | 5/2 | 8/7 | 13/14 | 10/6 | 3/2 |
Gestational age at iodine status (weeks), mean ± SD | 29.6 ± 9.3 | 27.0 ± 9.2 | 30.9 ± 9.6 | 27.2 ± 9.5 | 31.5 ± 9.7 | 35.0 ± 2.6 |
Gestational age at birth (weeks), mean ± SD | 38.8 ± 2.4 | 37.9 ± 2.1 | 39.2 ± 2.1 | 38.7 ± 2.4 | 38.7 ± 3.1 | 39.6 ± 1.7 |
Length at birth (cm), mean ± SD | 48.5 ± 2.3 | 47.5 ± 1.3 | 48.5 ± 2.1 | 48.4 ± 3.0 | 48.9 ± 1.6 | 49.7 ± 0.9 |
Weight at birth (kg), mean ± SD | 3.11 ± 0.58 | 2.99 ± 0.39 | 3.04 ± 0.51 | 3.12 ± 0.58 | 3.12 ± 0.75 | 3.50 ± 0.30 |
Head circumference at birth (cm), mean ± SD | 34.0 ± 1.9 | 33.3 ± 1.4 | 34.1 ± 2.1 | 33.7 ± 2.1 | 34.6 ± 1.5 | 34.9 ± 0.8 |
Neonatal TSH (mIU/L), mean ± SD | 1.46 ± 1.09 | 2.77 ± 2.33 | 1.39 ± 0.96 | 1.27 ± 0.62 | 1.34 ± 0.77 | 1.27 ± 0.72 |
Age at IQ evaluation (years), mean ± SD | 11.3 ± 0.7 | 11.4 ± 0.9 | 11.3 ± 0.8 | 11.3 ± 0.8 | 11.1 ± 0.7 | 10.9 ± 0.2 |
Current height Z-score, mean ± SD | 0.33 ± 1.21 | −0.69 ± 0.98 | 0.13 ± 1.48 | 0.41 ± 1.02 | 0.63 ± 1.15 | 0.94 ± 1.17 |
Current BMI Z-score, mean ± SD | 0.38 ± 1.15 | −0.27 ± 1.14 | 0.54 ± 1.24 | 0.79 ± 1.02 | −0.12 ± 1.18 | 0.23 ± 0.75 |
Verbal IQ, mean ± SD | 105.8 ± 18.1 | 95.0 ± 19.0 | 104.7 ± 14.3 | 105.4 ± 18.5 | 108.7 ± 21.1 | 117.4 ± 9.6 |
Performance IQ, mean ± SD | 104.8 ± 16.7 | 101.4 ± 24.3 | 100.1 ± 14.7 | 103.3 ± 15.3 | 109.4 ± 17.5 | 116.8 ± 9.7 |
Full-scale IQ, mean ± SD | 106.1 ± 17.9 | 96.9 ± 23.5 | 102.0 ± 13.1 | 106.1 ± 16.9 | 110.2 ± 21.6 | 118.8 ± 5.4 |
Family income (multiples of minimum wage), mean ± SD | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.9 |
Maternal education (years), mean ± SD | 11.6 ± 3.8 | 10.7 ± 4.2 | 9.4 ± 3.6 | 11.6 ± 3.8 | 12.8 ± 3.7 | 14.2 ± 2.4 |
Independent Variables | ||
---|---|---|
Maternal UIC | Maternal Education | |
Maternal UIC | - | β = 0.317 p = 0.018 * |
Gestational age at birth | β = −0.046 p = 0.649 | β = 0.004 p = 0.967 |
Length at birth | β = 0.112 p = 0.424 | β = 0.287 p = 0.033 * |
Weight at birth | β = 0.035 p = 0.718 | β = −0.062 p = 0.528 |
Head circumference at birth | β = 0.121 p = 0.217 | β = 0.040 p = 0.687 |
Neonatal TSH | β = −0.175 p = 0.212 | β = −0.280 p = 0.038 * |
Current height Z-score | β = 0.185 p = 0.167 | β = 0.394 p = 0.003 * |
Current BMI Z-score | β = −0.132 p = 0.344 | β = −0.195 p = 0.176 |
Verbal IQ | β = 0.135 p = 0.319 | β = 0.383 p = 0.004 * |
Performance IQ | β = 0.156 p = 0.241 | β = 0.407 p = 0.002 * |
Full-scale IQ | β = 0.173 p = 0.187 | β = 0.430 p = 0.001 * |
Family income | β = 0.105 p = 0.413 | β = 0.478 p < 0.001 * |
Maternal education | β = 0.212 p = 0.089 | - |
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Lopes, C.A.; Duarte, M.; Prazeres, S.; Carvalho, I.; Vilarinho, L.; Martinez-de-Oliveira, J.; Limbert, E.; Lemos, M.C. Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Child Growth and Neurodevelopment: An 11-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204447
Lopes CA, Duarte M, Prazeres S, Carvalho I, Vilarinho L, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Limbert E, Lemos MC. Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Child Growth and Neurodevelopment: An 11-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(20):4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204447
Chicago/Turabian StyleLopes, Carla A., Marta Duarte, Susana Prazeres, Ivone Carvalho, Laura Vilarinho, José Martinez-de-Oliveira, Edward Limbert, and Manuel C. Lemos. 2023. "Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Child Growth and Neurodevelopment: An 11-Year Follow-Up Study" Nutrients 15, no. 20: 4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204447
APA StyleLopes, C. A., Duarte, M., Prazeres, S., Carvalho, I., Vilarinho, L., Martinez-de-Oliveira, J., Limbert, E., & Lemos, M. C. (2023). Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Child Growth and Neurodevelopment: An 11-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients, 15(20), 4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204447