Effect of Adding Pulses to Replace Protein Foods and Refined Grains in Healthy Dietary Patterns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Replacing 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 oz eq/week of current protein foods (mix of protein foods: meat, chicken, fish, eggs, nuts, etc.) as provided by the USDA’s Food Pattern Modeling Report [23] with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 cups/week, respectively, of pulses. Since 2000 kcal Healthy U.S.-Style Pattern includes 1.5 cups/week of beans and peas (pulses), this additional 0.25 to 2.0 cups/week would increase the total amount of beans and peas to 1.75 to 3.5 cups/week.
- Replacing 1, 2, 3, and 4 oz eq of current refined grains as provided by the USDA’s Food Pattern Modeling Report [23] with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 cups/day of pulses.
- Replacing the combinations of 2 oz eq/day of current protein foods and 1, 2, and 3 oz eq/day of refined grains with 1, 1.5, and 2.0 cups/day of pulses.
- Replacing the combinations of 4 oz eq/day of current protein foods and 1, 2, and 3 oz eq/day of refined grains with 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 cups/day of pulses.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2000 kcal Healthy U.S.-Style Pattern | Pulses (1 Cup) | Protein Foods (1 oz eq) | Refined Grains (1 oz eq) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | ||||
Energy (kcal) | 2001 | 242.69 | 54.29 | 86.4 |
Protein (g) | 92 | 15.80 | 6.69 | 2.36 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 259 | 43.62 | 0.61 | 16.20 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 30 | 15.24 | 0.14 | 0.71 |
Total fat (g) | 71 | 1.26 | 2.72 | 1.28 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 214 | 0.00 | 34.39 | 0.40 |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 18 | 0.24 | 0.67 | 0.33 |
Minerals | ||||
Calcium (mg) | 1278 | 77.73 | 9.73 | 23.60 |
Iron (mg) | 14 | 4.21 | 0.47 | 0.96 |
Magnesium (mg) | 358 | 94.33 | 9.58 | 7.77 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1654 | 267.66 | 65.32 | 38.64 |
Potassium (mg) | 3390 | 723.00 | 83.07 | 32.89 |
Sodium (mg) | 1658 | 0.13 | 68.78 | 104.49 |
Zinc (mg) | 13 | 1.88 | 0.76 | 0.23 |
Copper (mg) | 1.4 | 0.38 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
Selenium (µg) | 113 | 6.46 | 7.73 | 6.30 |
Vitamins | ||||
Vitamin A, RAE (µg) | 898 | 0.00 | 14.37 | 8.26 |
Vitamin E, ATE (µg) | 10 | 0.97 | 0.35 | 0.12 |
Vitamin D (IU) | 300 | 0.00 | 12.48 | 2.16 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 129 | 1.11 | 0.05 | 0.52 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.8 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.16 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2.0 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
Niacin (mg) | 23 | 0.77 | 1.68 | 1.22 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.2 | 0.29 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 6.2 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.05 |
Choline (mg) | 355 | 50.56 | 33.23 | 3.39 |
Vitamin K (µg) | 140 | 5.80 | 0.38 | 0.59 |
Baseline | After Addition of 0.25 Cups/Week Pulses Replacing 1 oz eq/Week PF | After Addition of 0.5 Cups/Week Pulses Replacing 2 oz eq/Week PF | After Addition of 1.0 Cups/Week Pulses Replacing 4 oz eq/Week PF | After Addition of 1.5 Cups/Week Pulses Replacing 6 oz eq/Week PF | After Addition of 2.0 Cups/Week Pulses Replacing 8 oz eq/Week PF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | ||||||
Energy (kcal) | 2001 | 2001.91 | 2002.82 | 2004.64 | 2006.47 | 2008.29 |
Protein (g) | 92 | 91.61 | 91.22 | 90.44 | 89.65 | 88.87 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 259 | 260.47 | 261.94 | 264.89 | 267.83 | 270.77 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 30 | 30.52 | 31.05 | 32.09 | 33.14 * | 34.19 * |
Total fat (g) | 71 | 70.66 | 70.31 | 69.63 | 68.94 | 68.25 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 214 | 209.09 | 204.18 | 194.35 | 184.53 * | 174.70 * |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 18 | 17.91 | 17.83 | 17.65 | 17.48 | 17.31 |
Minerals | ||||||
Calcium (mg) | 1278 | 1279.39 | 1280.77 | 1283.54 | 1286.32 | 1289.09 |
Iron (mg) | 14 | 14.08 | 14.17 | 14.33 | 14.50 | 14.67 |
Magnesium (mg) | 358 | 360.00 | 362.00 | 366.00 | 370.00 | 374.00 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1654 | 1654.23 | 1654.46 | 1654.91 | 1655.37 | 1655.82 |
Potassium (mg) | 3390 | 3403.95 | 3417.91 | 3445.82 | 3473.73 | 3501.63 |
Sodium (mg) | 1658 | 1648.18 | 1638.36 | 1618.72 | 1599.08 | 1579.44 |
Zinc (mg) | 13 | 12.96 | 12.92 | 12.84 | 12.76 | 12.67 |
Copper (mg) | 1.4 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.43 | 1.44 | 1.45 |
Selenium (µg) | 113 | 112.13 | 111.25 | 109.51 | 107.76 | 106.01 |
Vitamins | ||||||
Vitamin A, RAE (µg) | 898 | 895.95 | 893.90 | 889.79 | 885.69 | 881.58 |
Vitamin E, ATE (µg) | 10 | 9.98 | 9.97 | 9.94 | 9.91 | 9.88 |
Vitamin D (IU) | 300 | 298.22 | 296.44 | 292.87 | 289.31 | 285.74 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 129 | 129.03 | 129.06 | 129.13 | 129.19 | 129.26 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.8 | 1.81 | 1.81 | 1.83 | 1.84 | 1.85 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2 | 1.99 | 1.99 | 1.97 | 1.96 | 1.95 |
Niacin (mg) | 23 | 22.79 | 22.58 | 22.15 | 21.73 | 21.30 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.2 | 2.20 | 2.19 | 2.18 | 2.18 | 2.17 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 6.2 | 6.14 | 6.09 | 5.97 | 5.86 | 5.75 |
Choline (mg) | 355 | 352.06 | 349.12 | 343.23 | 337.35 | 331.47 |
Vitamin K (µg) | 140 | 140.15 | 140.31 | 140.61 | 140.92 | 141.22 |
Dietary cost | ||||||
Cost, differential ($) | −0.04 | −0.08 | −0.15 | −0.23 | −0.30 |
Baseline | After Addition of 0.5 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 1 oz eq/Day RG | After Addition of 1.0 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 2 oz eq/Day RG | After Addition of 1.5 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 3 oz eq/Day RG | After Addition of 2.0 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 4 oz eq/Day RG | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | |||||
Energy (kcal) | 2001 | 2035.95 | 2070.89 | 2105.84 | 2140.78 |
Protein (g) | 92 | 97.54 | 103.08 * | 108.62 * | 114.16 * |
Carbohydrate (g) | 259 | 264.61 | 270.22 | 275.84 | 281.45 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 30 | 36.91 * | 43.82 * | 50.73 * | 57.64 * |
Total fat (g) | 71 | 70.35 | 69.70 | 69.05 | 68.40 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 214 | 213.60 | 213.20 | 212.80 | 212.40 |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 18 | 17.79 | 17.58 | 17.36 | 17.15 |
Minerals | |||||
Calcium (mg) | 1278 | 1293.27 | 1308.53 | 1323.80 | 1339.07 |
Iron (mg) | 14 | 15.15 | 16.29 * | 17.44 * | 18.59 * |
Magnesium (mg) | 358 | 397.40 * | 436.79 * | 476.19 * | 515.58 * |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1654 | 1749.19 | 1844.38 * | 1939.56 * | 2034.75 * |
Potassium (mg) | 3390 | 3718.61 * | 4047.22 * | 4375.83 * | 4704.44 * |
Sodium (mg) | 1658 | 1553.58 | 1449.15 * | 1344.73 * | 1240.31 * |
Zinc (mg) | 13 | 13.71 | 14.42 * | 15.14 * | 15.85 * |
Copper (mg) | 1.4 | 1.55 * | 1.70 * | 1.85 * | 2.00 * |
Selenium (µg) | 113 | 109.93 | 106.86 | 103.79 | 100.72 * |
Vitamins | |||||
Vitamin A, RAE (µg) | 898 | 889.74 | 881.48 | 873.22 | 864.96 |
Vitamin E, ATE (µg) | 10 | 10.37 | 10.73 | 11.10 * | 11.46 * |
Vitamin D (IU) | 300 | 297.84 | 295.68 | 293.52 | 291.36 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 129 | 129.04 | 129.07 | 129.11 | 129.15 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.8 | 1.81 | 1.82 | 1.83 | 1.84 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2 | 1.97 | 1.95 | 1.92 | 1.90 |
Niacin (mg) | 23 | 22.17 | 21.33 | 20.50 * | 19.66 * |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.2 | 2.31 | 2.41 * | 2.52 * | 2.62 * |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 6.2 | 6.15 | 6.10 | 6.05 | 6.00 |
Choline (mg) | 355 | 376.89 | 398.78 * | 420.67 * | 442.56 |
Vitamin K (µg) | 140 | 142.31 | 144.62 | 146.94 | 149.25 |
Dietary cost | |||||
Cost, differential ($) | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.51 | 0.67 |
Baseline | After Addition of 1.0 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 2 oz eq/day PF & 1 oz eq/Day RG | After Addition of 1.5 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 2 oz eq/day PF & 2 oz eq/Day RG | After Addition of 2.0 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 2 oz eq/day PF & 3 oz eq/Day RG | After Addition of 1.5 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 4 oz eq/Day PF & 1 oz eq/Day RG | After Addition of 2.0 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 4 oz eq/Day PF & 2 oz eq/Day RG | After Addition of 2.5 Cups/Day Pulses Replacing 4 oz eq/Day PF & 3 oz eq/Day RG | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | |||||||
Energy (kcal) | 2001 | 2048.70 | 2083.65 | 2118.59 | 2061.46 | 2096.40 | 2131.35 |
Protein (g) | 92 | 92.07 | 97.61 | 103.15 * | 86.60 | 92.14 | 97.68 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 259 | 285.21 * | 290.83 * | 296.44 * | 305.81 * | 311.43 * | 317.04 * |
Dietary fiber (g) | 30 | 44.24 * | 51.15 * | 58.06 * | 51.57 * | 58.48 * | 65.39 * |
Total fat (g) | 71 | 65.54 | 64.89 | 64.24 * | 60.73 * | 60.08 * | 59.43 * |
Cholesterol (mg) | 214 | 144.83 * | 144.43 * | 144.03 * | 76.06 * | 75.66 * | 75.26 * |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 18 | 16.58 | 16.36 | 16.15 * | 15.36 * | 15.15 * | 14.94 * |
Minerals | |||||||
Calcium (mg) | 1278 | 1312.67 | 1327.94 | 1343.21 | 1332.08 | 1347.35 | 1362.62 |
Iron (mg) | 14 | 16.32 * | 17.46 * | 18.61 * | 17.49 * | 18.63 * | 19.78 * |
Magnesium (mg) | 358 | 425.40 * | 464.79 * | 504.19 * | 453.40 * | 492.80 * | 532.19 * |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1654 | 1752.38 | 1847.57 * | 1942.76 * | 1755.57 | 1850.76 * | 1945.95 * |
Potassium (mg) | 3390 | 3913.97 * | 4242.58 * | 4571.19 * | 4109.33 * | 4437.94 * | 4766.55 * |
Sodium (mg) | 1658 | 1416.09 * | 1311.67 * | 1207.24 * | 1278.60 * | 1174.18 * | 1069.76 * |
Zinc (mg) | 13 | 13.14 | 13.86 | 14.57 * | 12.57 | 13.29 | 14.00 |
Copper (mg) | 1.4 | 1.64 * | 1.79 * | 1.93 * | 1.73 * | 1.87 * | 2.02 * |
Selenium (µg) | 113 | 97.70 * | 94.63 * | 91.56 * | 85.47 * | 82.40 * | 79.33 * |
Vitamins | |||||||
Vitamin A, RAE (µg) | 898 | 861.01 | 852.75 | 844.49 | 832.28 | 824.02 | 815.76 |
Vitamin E, ATE (µg) | 10 | 10.15 | 10.52 | 10.89 | 9.94 | 10.31 | 10.67 |
Vitamin D (IU) | 300 | 272.89 | 270.73 * | 268.57 * | 247.93 * | 245.77 * | 243.61 * |
Vitamin C (mg) | 129 | 129.49 | 129.52 | 129.56 | 129.94 | 129.98 | 130.01 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.8 | 1.90 | 1.91 | 1.92 | 2.00 * | 2.01 * | 2.02 * |
Riboflavin (mg) | 2 | 1.89 | 1.86 | 1.83 | 1.80 * | 1.77 * | 1.75 * |
Niacin (mg) | 23 | 19.19 * | 18.36 * | 17.53 * | 16.22 * | 15.39 * | 14.55 * |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.2 | 2.25 | 2.35 | 2.46 * | 2.19 | 2.30 | 2.40 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 6.2 | 5.36 * | 5.31 * | 5.26 * | 4.57 * | 4.52 * | 4.47 * |
Choline (mg) | 355 | 335.71 | 357.60 | 379.49 | 294.52 * | 316.41 * | 338.30 |
Vitamin K (µg) | 140 | 144.45 | 146.76 | 149.07 | 146.59 | 148.90 | 151.21 |
Dietary Cost | |||||||
Cost, differential ($) | −0.36 | −0.20 | −0.03 | −0.90 | −0.73 | −0.56 |
% Change after Addition of 1.5 Cups per Week Pulses Replacing 6 oz eq/Week PF | % Change after Addition of 1.0 Cups per Day pulses Replacing 2 oz eq/Day RG | % Change after Addition of 1.0 Cup per Day Pulses Replacing 2 oz eq/Day PF & 1 oz eq/Day RG | |
---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | |||
Energy | 0 | 3 | 2 |
Protein | −3 | 12 | 0 |
Carbohydrate | 3 | 4 | 10 |
Dietary fiber | 10 | 46 | 47 |
Total Fat | −3 | −2 | −8 |
Cholesterol | −14 | 0 | −32 |
Saturated fatty acids | −3 | −2 | −8 |
Minerals | |||
Calcium | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Iron | 4 | 16 | 17 |
Magnesium | 3 | 22 | 19 |
Phosphorus | 0 | 12 | 6 |
Potassium | 2 | 19 | 15 |
Sodium | −4 | −13 | −15 |
Zinc | −2 | 11 | 1 |
Copper | 3 | 21 | 17 |
Selenium | −5 | −5 | −14 |
Vitamins | |||
Vitamin A, RAE | −1 | −2 | −4 |
Vitamin E, ATE | −1 | 7 | 2 |
Vitamin D | −4 | −1 | −9 |
Vitamin C | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Thiamin | 2 | 1 | 6 |
Riboflavin | −2 | −3 | −6 |
Niacin | −6 | −7 | −17 |
Vitamin B6 | −1 | 10 | 2 |
Vitamin B12 | −5 | −2 | −14 |
Choline | −5 | 12 | −5 |
Vitamin K | 1 | 3 | 3 |
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Share and Cite
Agarwal, S.; Fulgoni, V.L., III. Effect of Adding Pulses to Replace Protein Foods and Refined Grains in Healthy Dietary Patterns. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204355
Agarwal S, Fulgoni VL III. Effect of Adding Pulses to Replace Protein Foods and Refined Grains in Healthy Dietary Patterns. Nutrients. 2023; 15(20):4355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204355
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgarwal, Sanjiv, and Victor L. Fulgoni, III. 2023. "Effect of Adding Pulses to Replace Protein Foods and Refined Grains in Healthy Dietary Patterns" Nutrients 15, no. 20: 4355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204355