Sanguisorba officinalis L. Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Gut Microbiota in CDAHFD-Induced Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Extraction
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Animal Experiment
2.4. Biochemical Analysis
2.5. Histological Examination
2.6. Quantitative Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
2.7. Western Blotting
2.8. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing of the Bacterial Community in Feces
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of SOEE on Plasma Lipid Profiling and Liver Injury Markers in CDAHFD-Fed Mice
3.2. Effect of SOEE on NAFLD-Related Traits in CDAHFD-Fed Mice
3.3. Effects of SOEE on Oxidative-Stress- and Fatty-Acid-Oxidation-Related Markers in the Liver of CDAHFD-Fed Mice
3.4. Effects of SOEE on Hepatic Fibrosis in CDAHFD-Fed Mice
3.5. Effects of SOEE on Fibrosis-Related Gene Expression and Signaling Pathway in LX-2 Cells
3.6. Effects of SOEE on the Diversity and Composition of the Gut Microbiota
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genes | Direction | Primer (5′→3′) | Species |
---|---|---|---|
Col1a1 | Forward | AGC ACG TCT GGT TTG GAG AG | Mouse |
Col1a1 | Reverse | GAC ATT AGG CGC AGG AAG GT | Mouse |
Col3a1 | Forward | GTG GAC ATT GGC CCT GTT TG | Mouse |
Col3a1 | Reverse | AGT TGG TCA CTT GCA CTG GT | Mouse |
Tgfb1 | Forward | GTG GCT GAA CCA AGG AGA CG | Mouse |
Tgfb1 | Reverse | GTT TGG GGC TGA TCC CGT TG | Mouse |
Timp1 | Forward | TTA TTC TCC ACT GTG CAG CCC | Mouse |
Timp1 | Reverse | ACA AGA GGA TGC CAG ATG CC | Mouse |
Acta2 | Forward | TCC AGC CAT CTT TCA TTG GGA | Mouse |
Acta2 | Reverse | CCC CTG ACA GGA CGT TGT TA | Mouse |
Ppara | Forward | GAA CTG ACG TTT GTG GCT GG | Mouse |
Ppara | Reverse | GCT CTC TGT GTC CAC CAT GT | Mouse |
Cpt1a | Forward | ACT CCG CTC GCT CAT TCC | Mouse |
Cpt1a | Reverse | GAC TGT GAA CTG GAA GGC CA | Mouse |
Lpl | Forward | GTG GAC ATC GGA GAA CTG CT | Mouse |
Lpl | Reverse | CCT CTC GAT GAC GAA GCT GG | Mouse |
Sod1 | Forward | GGG AAG CAT GGC GAT GAA AG | Mouse |
Sod1 | Reverse | GCC TTC TGC TCG AAG TGG AT | Mouse |
Cat | Forward | CAA GAT TGC CTT CTC CGG GT | Mouse |
Cat | Reverse | ATG GTG TAG GAT TGC GGA GC | Mouse |
Gpx1 | Forward | AGT CCA CCG TGT ATG CCT TC | Mouse |
Gpx1 | Reverse | CCT CAG AGA GAC GCG ACA TT | Mouse |
β-actin | Forward | CAT TGC TGA CAG GAT GCA GAA GG | Mouse |
β-actin | Reverse | TGC TGG AAG GTG GAC AGT GAG G | Mouse |
ACTA2 | Forward | GCC AAG CAC TGT CAG GAA | Human |
ACTA2 | Reverse | ATT GTC ACA CAC CAA GGC A | Human |
COL1A1 | Forward | ATG GAG CTC CTG GTC AGA T | Human |
COL1A1 | Reverse | GTA GCA CCA TCA TTT CCA CG | Human |
COL3A1 | Forward | GCT CTG CTT CAT CCC ACT AT | Human |
COL3A1 | Reverse | CGC ATA GGA CTG ACC AAG AT | Human |
TIMP1 | Forward | CTC TGA AAA GGG CTT CCA GTC | Human |
TIMP1 | Reverse | AGG ATT CAG GCT ATC TGG GAC | Human |
GAPDH | Forward | CAG CCG CAT CTT CTT TTG CG | Human |
GAPDH | Reverse | TCC GTT GAC TCC GAC CTT CA | Human |
Group | Body Weight (g) | Liver Weight (g) | ALT (IU/L) | AST (IU/L) | Plasma TG (mM/L) | Plasma TC (mM/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | *** 30.87 ± 3.38 | *** 1.15 ± 0.18 | *** 1.12 ± 0.56 | *** 5.49 ± 2.09 | 0.36 ± 0.11 | * 0.99 ± 0.14 |
CDAHFD | 24.16 ± 2.34 | 1.67 ± 0.26 | 17.85 ± 2.58 | 13.13 ± 2.50 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.83 ± 0.17 |
OCA | 23.32 ± 1.99 | ** 2.04 ± 0.20 | # 24.45 ± 10.28 | * 25.69 ± 15.03 | *** 0.23 ± 0.07 | # 0.67 ± 0.17 |
SO25 | 24.19 ± 1.81 | 1.68 ± 0.29 | 15.84 ± 4.41 | # 10.36 ± 3.48 | * 0.30 ± 0.06 | 0.77 ± 0.15 |
SO100 | 24.50 ± 1.15 | 1.67 ± 0.19 | 18.24 ± 3.52 | 11.31 ± 3.11 | ** 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.72 ± 0.11 |
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Nam, Y.; Kim, M.; Erdenebileg, S.; Cha, K.H.; Ryu, D.H.; Kim, H.Y.; Lee, S.H.; Jung, J.H.; Nho, C.W. Sanguisorba officinalis L. Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Gut Microbiota in CDAHFD-Induced Mice. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173779
Nam Y, Kim M, Erdenebileg S, Cha KH, Ryu DH, Kim HY, Lee SH, Jung JH, Nho CW. Sanguisorba officinalis L. Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Gut Microbiota in CDAHFD-Induced Mice. Nutrients. 2023; 15(17):3779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173779
Chicago/Turabian StyleNam, Yunseong, Myungsuk Kim, Saruul Erdenebileg, Kwang Hyun Cha, Da Hye Ryu, Ho Youn Kim, Su Hyeon Lee, Je Hyeong Jung, and Chu Won Nho. 2023. "Sanguisorba officinalis L. Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Gut Microbiota in CDAHFD-Induced Mice" Nutrients 15, no. 17: 3779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173779