Gender Expression, Weight Status, and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders among Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth in Bangkok, Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Ethics Approval
2.2. Participants and Recruitment Procedures
2.3. Questionnaire and Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics
3.2. Differences in Weight-Related Variables according to Gender Expression
3.3. Association between Gender Expression, Weight Status, and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders
4. Discussion
4.1. Association between Gender Expression and Weight Status
4.2. Association between Gender Expression and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders
4.3. Association between Weight Status and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Descriptive Characteristics | Total (n = 217) | t- or χ2 Value (df) | Gender Expression | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine (n = 137) | Feminine/Androgynous (n = 80) | ||||
Age, years, mean (SD) | 29.9 (6.19) | 0.83 (215) | 30.2 (6.02) | 29.5 (6.49) | 0.41 ‡ |
Birthplace, n (%) | 0.05 (1) | 0.82 § | |||
Bangkok | 128 (59.0%) | 80 (58.4%) | 48 (60.0%) | ||
Other provinces | 89 (41.0%) | 57 (41.6%) | 32 (40.0%) | ||
Income per month, n (%) | 7.75 (3) | 0.05 § | |||
Quartile 1 (THB 21,500 ¶ or less) | 54 (24.9%) | 27 (19.7%) | 27 (33.8%) | ||
Quartile 2 (THB 21,501–33,000 ¶) | 51 (23.5%) | 30 (21.9%) | 21 (26.3%) | ||
Quartile 3 (THB 33,001–60,000 ¶) | 61 (28.1%) | 44 (32.1%) | 17 (21.3%) | ||
Quartile 4 (THB 60,001 ¶ or more) | 51 (23.5%) | 36 (26.3%) | 15 (18.8%) | ||
Current Living status, n (%) | 1.09 (2) | 0.58 § | |||
Alone | 92 (42.4%) | 59 (43.1%) | 33 (41.3%) | ||
With Friends/Family | 92 (42.4%) | 55 (40.1%) | 37 (46.3%) | ||
With partner/couple | 33 (15.2%) | 23 (16.8%) | 10 (12.5%) | ||
Religion, n (%) | 1.08 (2) | 0.58 § | |||
Atheist | 69 (31.8%) | 43 (31.4%) | 26 (32.5%) | ||
Buddhist | 142 (65.4%) | 89 (65.0%) | 53 (66.3%) | ||
Other religion | 6 (2.8%) | 5 (3.6%) | 1 (1.3%) | ||
Educational attainment, n (%) | 0.62 (1) | 0.43 § | |||
Lower than bachelor’s degree | 8 (3.7%) | 4 (2.9%) | 4 (5.0%) | ||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 209 (96.3%) | 133 (97.1%) | 76 (95.0%) | ||
Relationship Status, n (%) | 4.91 (1) | 0.03 § | |||
Single | 131 (60.4%) | 75 (54.7%) | 56 (70.0%) | ||
Partnered/Married | 86 (39.6%) | 62 (45.3%) | 24 (30.0%) | ||
Current Smoking Status, n (%) | 0.94 (1) | 0.33 § | |||
Yes | 12 (5.5%) | 6 (4.4%) | 6 (7.5%) | ||
No | 205 (94.5%) | 131 (95.6%) | 74 (92.5%) | ||
Current Alcohol Consumption, n (%) | 2.88 (1) | 0.09 § | |||
Yes | 74 (34.1%) | 41 (29.9%) | 33 (41.3%) | ||
No | 143 (65.9%) | 96 (70.1%) | 47 (58.8%) | ||
History of Mental Health Issues, n (%) | 0.03 (1) | 0.86 § | |||
Yes | 26 (12.0%) | 16 (11.7%) | 10 (12.5%) | ||
No/unsure | 191 (88.0%) | 121 (88.3%) | 70 (87.5%) |
Weight-Related Variables | t- or χ2 Value (df) | Gender Expression | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine (n = 137) | Feminine/Androgynous (n = 80) | |||
Current BMI †, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 0.19 (122.7) | 23.5 (4.01) | 23.4 (5.86) | 0.85 ‡ |
BMI † Category, n (%) | 7.03 (4) | 0.13 § | ||
Underweight | 4 (2.9%) | 7 (8.8%) | ||
Normal weight | 64 (46.7%) | 43 (53.8%) | ||
Overweight | 34 (24.8%) | 12 (15.0%) | ||
Obesity class I | 27 (19.7%) | 12 (15.0%) | ||
Obesity class II | 8 (5.8%) | 6 (7.5%) | ||
Ideal BMI †, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 1.22 (215) | 22.3 (2.17) | 21.9 (2.57) | 0.22 § |
BMI † Discrepancy ¶, kg/m2, mean (SD) | −0.52 (119.5) | 1.2 (2.65) | 1.5 (4.04) | 0.60 ‡ |
Variables | Total EAT-26 Score | Dieting Subscale | Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Subscale | Oral Control Subscale |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender Expression | ||||
Masculine | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Feminine/Androgynous | −2.43 (1.08) p = 0.03 | −2.43 (0.83) p = 0.004 | 0.16 (0.27) p = 0.54 | −0.15 (0.40) p = 0.70 |
Current BMI † | 0.001 (0.11) p = 0.99 | 0.13 (0.09) p = 0.14 | 0.09 (0.03) p < 0.001 | −0.22 (0.04) p < 0.001 |
BMI † discrepancy ‡ | 0.13 (0.16) p = 0.43 | 0.26 (0.13) p = 0.04 | 0.14 (0.04) p < 0.001 | −0.27 (0.06) p < 0.001 |
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Vinitchagoon, T.; Wongpipit, W.; Phansuea, P. Gender Expression, Weight Status, and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders among Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth in Bangkok, Thailand. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3700. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173700
Vinitchagoon T, Wongpipit W, Phansuea P. Gender Expression, Weight Status, and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders among Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth in Bangkok, Thailand. Nutrients. 2023; 15(17):3700. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173700
Chicago/Turabian StyleVinitchagoon, Thanit, Waris Wongpipit, and Phenphop Phansuea. 2023. "Gender Expression, Weight Status, and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders among Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth in Bangkok, Thailand" Nutrients 15, no. 17: 3700. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173700
APA StyleVinitchagoon, T., Wongpipit, W., & Phansuea, P. (2023). Gender Expression, Weight Status, and Risk of Experiencing Eating Disorders among Gender-Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth in Bangkok, Thailand. Nutrients, 15(17), 3700. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173700