The Indicator of Emotional Eating and Its Effects on Dietary Patterns among Female Students at Qassim University
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Ethical Consideration
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Questionnaire
2.4.1. Demographic Information
2.4.2. Anthropometrics Measurements
2.4.3. Emotional Eating Scale (EES)
2.4.4. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Associations between the Demographics and EE
3.2. The Association between Eating Patterns and EE
Mean Macronutrient Intake
3.3. The Association between Anthropometric Measurements and Emotional Eating
3.4. The Linear Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Item | EES n (%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | |||
Age | 18–22 | 137 (82) | 148 (87.1) | 35 (81.4) | 0.259 |
23–25 | 24 (14.4) | 16 (9.4) | 4 (9.3) | ||
26–29 | 6 (3.6) | 6 (3.5) | 4 (9.3) | ||
Marital status | Single | 158 (94.6) | 158 (92.9) | 42 (97.7) | 0.473 |
Married | 9 (5.4) | 12 (7.1) | 1 (2.3) | ||
Education level | Bachelor | 162 (97) | 163 (95.9) | 38 (88.4) | 0.023 * |
Residency | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.3) | ||
Master | 5 (3) | 7 (4.1) | 4 (9.3) | ||
GPA | Fresh students | 11 (6.6) | 15 (8.8) | 3 (7) | 0.585 |
<2.5 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
2.5–3.5 | 15 (9) | 21 (12.4) | 5 (11.6) | ||
3.5–4.5 | 69 (41.3) | 51 (30) | 15 (34.9) | ||
4.5–5 | 71 (42.5) | 83 (48.8) | 20 (46.5) | ||
Family income level | <5 K SR | 20 (12) | 19 (11.2) | 2 (4.7) | 0.767 |
5–10 K SR | 44 (26.3) | 50 (29.4) | 16 (37.2) | ||
10–15 K SR | 48 (28.7) | 46 (27.1) | 12 (27.9) | ||
>15 K SR | 55 (32.9) | 55 (32.4) | 13 (30.2) | ||
Number of family members | 2–4 | 12 (7.2) | 14 (8.2) | 3 (7) | 0.03 * |
5–7 | 42 (25.1) | 64 (37.6) | 20 (46.5) | ||
8–10 | 98 (58.7) | 71 (41.8) | 17 (39.5) | ||
>10 | 15 (9) | 21 (12.4) | 3 (7) |
Variables | Items | EES n (%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | |||
Following a healthy eating pattern at home | Yes | 38 (22.8) | 37 (21.8) | 12 (27.9) | 0.341 |
No | 88 (52.7) | 77 (45.3) | 22 (51.2) | ||
Sometimes | 41 (24.6) | 56 (32.9) | 9 (20.9) | ||
Number of meals/day | One meal | 28 (16.8) | 21 (12.4) | 8 (18.6) | 0.846 |
Two meals | 83 (49.7) | 93 (54.7) | 22 (51.2) | ||
Three meals | 47 (28.1) | 44 (25.9) | 10 (23.3) | ||
Four or more meals | 9 (5.4) | 12 (7.1) | 3 (7) | ||
Main meal/day | Breakfast | 42 (25.1) | 50 (29.4) | 19 (44.2) | 0.043 * |
Lunch | 54 (32.3) | 65 (38.2) | 9 (20.9) | ||
Dinner | 71 (42.5) | 55 (32.4) | 15 (34.9) | ||
Having breakfast | Yes | 67 (40.1) | 80 (47.1) | 24 (55.8) | 0.409 |
No | 34 (20.4) | 31 (18.2) | 6 (14) | ||
Sometimes | 66 (39.5) | 59 (34.7) | 13 (30.2) | ||
Cravings for sugary foods (cookies/chocolate/ice cream, etc.) | Rare | 32 (19.2) | 28 (16.5) | 6 (14) | 0.691 |
Sometimes | 93 (55.7) | 91 (53.5) | 22 (51.2) | ||
Always | 42 (25.1) | 51 (30) | 15 (34.9) | ||
Craving for tea | Rare | 85 (50.9) | 90 (52.9) | 21 (48.8) | 0.990 |
Sometimes | 53 (31.7) | 52 (30.6) | 14 (32.6) | ||
Always | 29 (17.4) | 28 (16.5) | 8 (18.6) | ||
Craving for coffee | Rare | 24 (14.4) | 23 (13.5) | 7 (16.3) | 0.675 |
Sometimes | 49 (29.3) | 40 (23.5) | 13 (30.2) | ||
Always | 94 (56.3) | 107 (62.9) | 23 (53.5) | ||
Fast food consumption/week | Once | 82 (49.1) | 78 (45.9) | 15 (34.9) | 0.303 |
Twice | 28 (16.8) | 42 (24.7) | 13 (30.2) | ||
Three times | 20 (12) | 15 (8.8) | 7 (16.3) | ||
Four or more times | 3 (1.8) | 5 (2.9) | 2 (4.7) | ||
I do not consume | 34 (20.4) | 30 (17.6) | 6 (14) | ||
Water consumption/day | <1 L | 48 (28.7) | 47 (27.6) | 15 (34.9) | 0.952 |
1–1.5 L | 89 (53.3) | 93 (54.7) | 19 (44.2) | ||
1.5–2 L | 19 (11.4) | 19 (11.2) | 6 (14) | ||
>2 L | 11 (6.6) | 11 (6.5) | 3 (7) | ||
Supplement intake | Multivitamins | 30 (18.4) | 33 (17.5) | 11 (19) | 0.505 |
Vitamin D | 39 (23.9) | 46 (24.3) | 14 (24.1) | ||
Vitamin B12 | 16 (9.8) | 21 (11.1) | 4 (6.9) | ||
Vitamin C | 11 (6.7) | 12 (6.3) | 7 (12.0) | ||
Folic acid | 10 (6.1) | 12 (6.3) | 2 (3.6) | ||
Iron | 34 (20.8) | 24 (12.7) | 8 (13.8) | ||
Cod liver oil | 6 (3.7) | 13 (6.8) | 3 (5.1) | ||
Protein supplements/bars | 16 (9.8) | 26 (13.8) | 8 (13.8) | ||
Chlorophyll | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Zinc | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Variables | Items | EES n (%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | |||
BMI | Underweight | 29 (17.4) | 29 (17.1) | 5 (11.6) | 0.562 |
Normal weight | 94 (56.3) | 90 (52.9) | 21 (48.8) | ||
Overweight | 28 (16.8) | 38 (22.4) | 13 (30.2) | ||
Obese | 16 (9.6) | 13 (7.6) | 4 (9.3) | ||
Range | 2.8–48.4 | 1.3–46.1 | 2.8–48.6 | ||
Mean ± SD | 24.6 ± 9.4 | 23.6 ± 9.3 | 23.6 ± 10.8 | ||
FFM | Range | 27–60.8 | 9.7–58 | 34.1–58.8 | 0.521 |
Mean ± SD | 41.9 ± 4.7 | 41.9 ± 5.6 | 42.9 ± 5.5 | ||
WHR | Low | 159 (95.2) | 158 (92.9) | 38 (88.4) | 0.299 |
Intermediate | 7 (4.2) | 7 (4.1) | 4 (9.3) | ||
High | 1 (0.6) | 5 (2.9) | 1 (2.3) |
Variables | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Adj. R2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B ± SE | Std. Beta | p-Value | B ± SE | Std. Beta | p-Value | ||
Age | 0.006 ± 1.277 | 0.000 | 0.996 | −3.081 ± 1.833 | −0.124 | 0.094 | 0.007 |
Education level | 2.999 ± 1.553 | 0.099 | 0.054 | 5.403 ± 2.126 | 0.178 | 0.011 * | 0.017 |
Family income level | 0.178 ± 0.627 | 0.015 | 0.777 | 0.206 ± 0.642 | 0.017 | 0.749 | 0.000 |
BMI | 0.004 ± 0.132 | 0.002 | 0.975 | 0.045 ± 0.133 | 0.018 | 0.735 | 0.000 |
Daily activity | 0.507 ± 0.948 | 0.027 | 0.593 | 0.653 ± 0.965 | 0.035 | 0.499 | 0.001 |
Number of meals | −0.393 ± 0.808 | −0.025 | 0.627 | −0.287 ± 0.82 | −0.018 | 0.726 | 0.000 |
Fat intake | 2.978 ± 1.322 | 0.115 | 0.025 * | 3.243 ± 1.496 | 0.125 | 0.031 * | 0.012 |
Sugar intake | 0.863 ± 1.496 | 0.030 | 0.564 | −0.678 ± 1.659 | −0.023 | 0.683 | 0.000 |
Carb intake | −2.943 ± 7.130 | −0.021 | 0.680 | −1.492 ± 7.176 | −0.011 | 0.835 | 0.000 |
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Alharbi, R.M.; Alharbi, H.F. The Indicator of Emotional Eating and Its Effects on Dietary Patterns among Female Students at Qassim University. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3553. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163553
Alharbi RM, Alharbi HF. The Indicator of Emotional Eating and Its Effects on Dietary Patterns among Female Students at Qassim University. Nutrients. 2023; 15(16):3553. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163553
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlharbi, Razan M., and Hend F. Alharbi. 2023. "The Indicator of Emotional Eating and Its Effects on Dietary Patterns among Female Students at Qassim University" Nutrients 15, no. 16: 3553. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163553
APA StyleAlharbi, R. M., & Alharbi, H. F. (2023). The Indicator of Emotional Eating and Its Effects on Dietary Patterns among Female Students at Qassim University. Nutrients, 15(16), 3553. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163553