Changes in Food Consumption and Eating Behaviours of Children and Their Families Living in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The EPaS-ISS Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Children and Parents
3.2. Change in Children’s Food Consumption
3.3. Change in Families’ Eating Behaviours
3.4. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Question | Response |
---|---|
Children’s Food Consumption | |
Please indicate whether there were any changes in your child’s consumption of the following foods during the COVID-19 period compared to the PRE-COVID period
| Decreased, Stayed the same, Increased, Don’t Know |
Families’ eating behaviours | |
Please indicate which of the following behaviours in a normal week during the COVID-19 period were different from the PRE-COVID period:
| Decreased, Stayed the same, Increased, Don’t Know |
Sociodemographic Variables | % | IC 95% | |
---|---|---|---|
Mother educational level | |||
None | 0.4% | 0.25–0.66 | |
Primary school (6 to 11 years) | 0.5% | 0.31–0.74 | |
Secondary school (from 11 to 14 years) | 12.0% | 11.09–13.01 | |
High school (from 14 to 19 years) | 46.9% | 45.44–48.38 | |
Degree | 31.8% | 30.43–33.18 | |
Master/Doctorate/Specialisation | 8.4% | 7.57–9.21 | |
Mother nationality | |||
Italian | 90.0% | 89.12–90.89 | |
Foreign | 9.8% | 8.91–10.67 | |
Mother not present | 0.2% | 0.09–0.38 | |
Father educational level | |||
None | 0.5% | 0.31–0.75 | |
Primary school (6 to 11 years) | 1.2% | 0.88–1.53 | |
Secondary school (from 11 to 14 years) | 22.2% | 20.98–23.45 | |
High school (from 14 to 19 years) | 50.4% | 48.90–51.86 | |
Degree | 21.0% | 19.77–22.19 | |
Master/Doctorate/Specialisation | 4.8% | 4.19–5.47 | |
Father nationality | |||
Italian | 91.5% | 90.65–92.30 | |
Foreign | 7.3% | 6.60-8.15 | |
Father not present | 1.1% | 0.09–1.51 |
Children’s Eating Habits | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased (%, 95% CI) | Stayed the Same (%, 95% CI) | Increased (%, 95% CI) | Don’t Know (%, 95% CI) | |
Fresh fruit | 8.0 (7.21–8.92) | 80.0 (78.6–81.2) | 6.9 (6.23–7.66) | 5.2 (4.51–5.89) |
Vegetables (including soups and pureed vegetables but excluding potatoes) | 8.9 (8.04–9.91) | 80.8 (79.6–82.0) | 5.8 (5.13–6.52) | 4.5 (3.88–5.13) |
Meat | 7.4 (6.58–8.21) | 82.0 (80.8–83.1) | 7.2 (6.53–7.99) | 3.4 (2.93–4.01) |
Fish | 13.8 (12.8–15.0) | 77.5 (76.1–78.8) | 3.9 (3.3–4.53) | 4.8 (4.21–5.44) |
Dairy products (e.g., milk, yoghurt, cheese) and eggs | 5.6 (4.94–6.38) | 82.7 (81.4–83.9) | 8.0 (7.23–8.87) | 3.7 (3.14–4.35) |
Pulses and legumes | 6.4 (5.71–7.08) | 82.6 (81.6–83.6) | 5.1 (4.47–5.90) | 5.9 (5.26–6.63) |
Savoury snacks (e.g., crisps, popcorn, nuts, crackers) | 5.9 (5.18–6.69) | 66.8 (65.1–68.4) | 23.9 (22.4–25.4) | 3.5 (2.97–4.05) |
Sweet foods (e.g., cakes, snacks, biscuits, sweets, ice cream) | 5.1 (4.47–5.84) | 66.2 (64.6–67.7) | 25.3 (23.9–26.9) | 3.4 (2.85–4.00) |
Packaged drinks containing sugar, (e.g., tea, orange soda, cola, fruit juices) | 9.8 (8.99–10.7) | 75.1 (73.7–76.5) | 10.6 (9.58–11.7) | 4.4 (3.85–5.04) |
Breakfast cereals (e.g., corn flakes, muesli) | 5.7 (5.03–6.46) | 81.0 (79.8–82.1) | 6.1 (5.53–6.83) | 7.1 (6.35–8.03) |
Families’ Consumption Behaviours | Decreased (%, IC 95%) | Stayed the Same (%, IC 95%) | Increased (%, IC 95%) | Don’t Know (%, IC 95%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Buying food online | 16.9 (15.7–18.1) | 41.1 (39.4–42.8) | 18.9 (17.3–20.6) | 23.2 (21.7–24.7) |
Buying food in bulk (over a period longer than a week) | 6.6 (5.93–7.39) | 40.4 (38.8–42.1) | 47.1 (45.3–49) | 5.8 (5.1–6.63) |
Eating home-cooked meals | 2.7 (2.21–3.31) | 52.2 (50.6–53.8) | 42.2 (40.5–43.8) | 2.9 (2.4–3.51) |
Eating food prepared outside the home (e.g., takeaway food ordered online or prepared by a restaurant) | 28.1 (26.7–29.6) | 43.9 (42.3–45.6) | 12.8 (11.8–14) | 15.1 (13.8–16.4) |
Eating together as a family | 7.7 (6.71–8.74) | 50.7 (48.9–52.4) | 39.2 (37.3–41) | 2.5 (2.04–3.05) |
Cooking with your child | 3.8 (3.21–4.42) | 50.0 (48.3–51.6) | 42.0 (40.2–44) | 4.2 (3.64–4.92) |
Indipendent Variables | Fruit Consumption Decreased (Yes/No) | Vegetables Consumption Decreased (Yes/No) | Meat Consumption Decreased (Yes/No) | Fish Consumption Decreased (Yes/No) | Savoury Snack Consumption Increased (Yes/No) | Sweet Consumption Increased (Yes/No) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | |
Gender | ||||||
Males | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Females | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | 1.50 (1.18–1.90) | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) |
Residence area | ||||||
North | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Centre | 1.17 (0.87–1.56) | 0.92 (069–1.22) | 0.91 (0.68–1.22) | 1.17 (0.94–1.47) | 1.25 (1.04–1.49) | 1.15 (0.96–1.37) |
South | 1.53 (1.17–1.99) | 1.34 (1.04–2.73) | 0.79 (0.59–1.07) | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) | 1.23 (1.03–1.46) | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) |
Parents’ nationality | ||||||
Both Italians | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
At least one foreign parent | 1.33 (0.93–1.90) | 1.37 (0.97–1.92) | 1.47 (1.03–2.09) | 0.54 (0.37–0.79) | 1.01 (0.80–1.29) | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) |
Parent’s educational level *** | ||||||
Low level of education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium level of education | 1.73 (1.01–2.94) | 1.59 (0.98–2.57) | 1.31 (0.79–2.18) | 1.15 (0.79–1.66) | 1.34 (1.00–1.81) | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) |
High level of education | 1.71 (1.00–2.92) | 1.24 (0.76–2.02) | 1.10 (0.65–1.84) | 1.09 (0.75–1.59) | 1.09 (0.81–1.47) | 1.12 (0.83–1.50) |
Family structure | ||||||
Two-parent family | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
One-parent family | 1.18 (0.87–1.60) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 0.90 (0.65–1.25) | 0.91 (0.70–1.17) | 1.07 (0.87–1.30) | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) |
Indipendent Variables | Buying Food Online Increased (Yes/No) | Buying Food in Bulk Increased (Yes/No) | Eating Home-Cooked Meals Increased (Yes/No) | Eating Food Prepared Outside the Home Decreased (Yes/No) | Eating Together as a Family Increased (Yes/No) | Cooking with Your Child Increased (Yes/No) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | OR ** (95% CI) | |
Gender | ||||||
Males | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Females | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) |
Residence area | ||||||
North | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Centre | 0.73 (0.59–0.89) | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 0.97 (0.82–1.13) | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) |
South | 0.46 (0.37–0.58) | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 1.13 (0.97–1.13) | 1.99 (1.67–2.36) | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) |
Parents’ nationality | ||||||
Both Italians | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
At least one foreign parent | 0.46 (0.32–0.66) | 0.73 (0.59–0.90) | 0.63 (0.50–0.78) | 1.70 (1.34–2.15) | 0.76 (0.61–0.94) | 0.62 (0.49–0.77) |
Parent’s educational level *** | ||||||
Low level of education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium level of education | 2.27 (1.38–3.72) | 1.63 (1.26–2.12) | 1.48 (1.14–1.93) | 0.86 (0.64–1.15) | 1.87 (1.40–2.49) | 1.46 (1.11–1.91) |
High level of education | 2.84 (1.73–4.66) | 2.06 (1.58–2.69) | 1.71 (1.31–2.23) | 0.61 (0.46–0.82) | 2.55 (1.91–3.39) | 1.83 (1.40–2.39) |
Family structure | ||||||
Two-parent family | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
One-parent family | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 0.70 (0.58–0.84) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 1.01 (0.82–1.24) | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) |
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Nardone, P.; Spinelli, A.; Buoncristiano, M.; Andreozzi, S.; Bucciarelli, M.; Giustini, M.; Ciardullo, S.; on behalf of the EPaS-ISS Group. Changes in Food Consumption and Eating Behaviours of Children and Their Families Living in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The EPaS-ISS Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3326. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153326
Nardone P, Spinelli A, Buoncristiano M, Andreozzi S, Bucciarelli M, Giustini M, Ciardullo S, on behalf of the EPaS-ISS Group. Changes in Food Consumption and Eating Behaviours of Children and Their Families Living in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The EPaS-ISS Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3326. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153326
Chicago/Turabian StyleNardone, Paola, Angela Spinelli, Marta Buoncristiano, Silvia Andreozzi, Mauro Bucciarelli, Marco Giustini, Silvia Ciardullo, and on behalf of the EPaS-ISS Group. 2023. "Changes in Food Consumption and Eating Behaviours of Children and Their Families Living in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The EPaS-ISS Study" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3326. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153326