Breastfeeding Duration and Timing of Bottle Supplementation: Associations with Body Mass Index from Childhood to Young-Adulthood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Missing | Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|
Parental characteristics | ||
Maternal age, years | 0 | 26.5 (6.1) |
Maternal highest education completed, years | 0 | 9.5 (2.6) |
Infancy characteristics | ||
Male sex | 0 | 436 (53.1%) |
Birth weight | 4 | 3.5 (0.3) |
Gestational age | 4 | 39.4 (1.0) |
Type of BF at 6 months | 11 | |
No | 218 (26.9%) | |
Partial | 283 (34.9%) | |
Exclusive | 309 (38.1%) | |
Duration of exclusive BF, months | 6 | |
<1 | 134 (16.4%) | |
1 to <3 | 130 (16.0%) | |
3 to <6 | 242 (29.7%) | |
≥6 | 309 (37.9%) | |
BMI z-score, years | ||
1 | 5 | 0.8 (0.9) |
5 | 283 | 1.0 (1.1) |
10 | 287 | 1.0 (1.1) |
16 | 313 | 0.9 (1.1) |
23 1 | 310 | 26.7 (5.5) |
BMI z-Score | BMI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 n = 805 | 5 n = 531 | 10 n = 526 | 16 n = 501 | 23 n = 466 | |
Type of BF at 6 months | |||||
No | 0.91 (0.87) | 1.11 (1.19) | 1.01 (1.21) | 0.83 (1.20) | 26.2 (5.45) |
Partial | 0.72 (0.96) | 0.85 (1.17) | 0.96 (1.15) | 0.85 (1.15) | 26.3 (5.14) |
Exclusive | 0.84 (0.96) | 1.11 (1.17) | 1.20 (1.11) | 1.05 (1.03) | 27.2 (5.03) |
Duration of exclusive BF, months | |||||
<1 | 0.92 (0.83) | 1.14 (1.37) | 1.14 (1.21) | 1.01 (1.13) | 26.9 (6.37) |
1 to <3 | 0.91 (0.92) | 0.98 (1.16) | 0.98 (1.08) | 0.86 (1.09) | 26.5 (4.95) |
3 to <6 | 0.69 (0.96) | 0.83 (1.05) | 0.90 (1.20) | 0.75 (1.24) | 25.8 (4.70) |
≥6 | 0.84 (0.96) | 1.10 (1.17) | 1.20 (1.11) | 1.06 (1.03) | 27.2 (5.03) |
BMI z-Score | BMI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 23 | |
Type of BF at 6 months (No BF, reference group) | |||||
Partial | −0.25 −0.41, 0.08 | −0.31 −0.57, −0.05 | −0.07 −0.33, 0.18 | <0.01 −0.25, 0.25 | 0.10 −1.10, 1.30 |
Exclusive | −0.12 −0.28, 0.05 | −0.04 −0.29, 0.22 | 0.18 −0.07, 0.43 | 0.22 −0.04, 0.47 | 1.00 −0.19, 2.18 |
p-value of linear trend | 0.27 | 0.93 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.13 |
Duration of exclusive BF, month (<1 month, reference group) | |||||
1 to <3 | 0.05 −0.17, 0.27 | −0.13 −0.49, 0.22 | −0.12 −0.46, 0.23 | −0.12 −0.46, 0.22 | −0.29 −1.95, 1.37 |
3 to <6 | −0.22 −0.41, −0.02 | −0.31 −0.61, −0.01 | −0.22 −0.52, 0.07 | −0.26 −0.55, 0.04 | −1.10 −2.50, 0.30 |
≥6 | −0.07 −0.25, 0.12 | −0.03 −0.32, 0.25 | 0.09 −0.20, 0.37 | 0.06 −0.22, 0.01 | 0.30 −1.05, 1.66 |
p-value of linear trend | 0.22 | 0.91 | 0.43 | 0.58 | 0.92 |
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Blanco, E.; Martinez, S.M.; East, P.; Burrows, R.; Correa-Burrows, P.; Lozoff, B.; Gahagan, S. Breastfeeding Duration and Timing of Bottle Supplementation: Associations with Body Mass Index from Childhood to Young-Adulthood. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3121. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143121
Blanco E, Martinez SM, East P, Burrows R, Correa-Burrows P, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Breastfeeding Duration and Timing of Bottle Supplementation: Associations with Body Mass Index from Childhood to Young-Adulthood. Nutrients. 2023; 15(14):3121. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143121
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlanco, Estela, Suzanna M. Martinez, Patricia East, Raquel Burrows, Paulina Correa-Burrows, Betsy Lozoff, and Sheila Gahagan. 2023. "Breastfeeding Duration and Timing of Bottle Supplementation: Associations with Body Mass Index from Childhood to Young-Adulthood" Nutrients 15, no. 14: 3121. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143121