A Sample of Female Adolescent Self-Identified Vegetarians in New Zealand Consume Less Protein and Saturated Fat, but More Fiber than Their Omnivorous Peers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Demographics
2.4. Demographics
2.5. Usual Dietary Intake
2.6. Food Groups
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Energy and Macronutrient Intakes
3.3. Food Groups
3.4. Contribution of Food Groups to Macronutrient Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-Vegetarians (n = 216) | Self-Identified Vegetarians (n = 38) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) years | 16.8 (0.9) | 17.1 (0.8) | 0.009 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.557 | ||
NZEO a | 169 (78.2) | 31 (81.6) | |
Māori | 32 (14.8) | 7 (18.4) | |
Pacific | 6 (2.8) | 0 | |
Asian | 9 (4.2) | 0 | |
Deprivation b, n (%) | 0.896 | ||
Low | 83 (38.4) | 16 (42.1) | |
Medium | 92 (42.6) | 16 (42.1) | |
High | 41 (19.0) | 6 (15.8) | |
BMI z-score c, mean (SD) | 0.76 (0.97) | 0.25 (0.81) | 0.003 |
Weight status c, n (%) | 0.149 | ||
Healthy | 138 (64.8) | 31 (81.6) | |
Overweight | 51 (23.9) | 5 (13.2) | |
Obese | 24 (11.3) | 2 (5.3) | |
Height, mean (SD) cm | 166 (7) | 166 (6) | 0.912 |
Mean (SD) Daily Intake in Non-Vegetarians (n = 216) | Mean (SD) Daily Intake in Self-Identified Vegetarians (n = 38) | Mean Difference (95% CI) in Daily Intakes | p-Value | Adjusted a Mean Difference (95% CI) in Daily Intakes | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy, kJ | 8023 (1913) | 7519 (1664) | −504 (−1155, 146) | 0.128 | −442 (−1031, 147) | 0.141 |
Fat, g/day | 79.7 (23.6) | 76.0 (19.9) | −3.7 (−11.7, 4.3) | 0.366 | 1.6 (−2.4, 5.6) | 0.430 |
Saturated fat, g/day | 30.4 (9.5) | 26.0 (9.3) | −4.5 (−7.7, −1.2) | 0.008 | −2.2 (−4.6, 0.1) | 0.065 |
Monounsaturated fat, g/day | 29.7 (9.3) | 28.9 (7.5) | −0.8 (−3.9, 2.4) | 0.627 | 0.9 (−0.8, 2.7) | 0.301 |
Polyunsaturated fat, g/day | 11.8 (5.1) | 13.7 (5.1) | 1.9 (0.1, 3.7) | 0.034 | 2.7 (1.4, 4.0) | <0.001 |
Protein, g/day | 74.6 (20.1) | 61.3 (17.1) | −13.3 (−20.1, −6.5) | <0.001 | −9.0 (−12.7, −5.3) | <0.001 |
Protein b, g/kg/day | 1.16 (0.36) | 1.03 (0.32) | −0.13 (−0.25, −0.01) | 0.037 | −0.06 (−0.14, 0.02) | 0.162 |
Carbohydrate, g/day | 225 (60) | 220 (55) | −6 (−26, 15) | 0.589 | 8 (0, 17) | 0.057 |
Sugars, g/day | 100 (42) | 92 (34) | −9 (−23, 5) | 0.193 | −2 (−11, 7) | 0.646 |
Fibre, g/day | 23.5 (8.8) | 27.4 (11.6) | 3.8 (0.6, 7.0) | 0.019 | 5.0 (1.8, 8.1) | 0.002 |
Fat, % kJ | 37.3 (5.7) | 38.2 (6.2) | 0.9 (−1.1, 2.9) | 0.369 | 1.0 (−1.0, 3.1) | 0.320 |
Saturated fat, % kJ | 14.3 (2.8) | 13.0 (3.4) | −1.3 (−2.3, −0.3) | 0.014 | −1.1 (−2.1, −0.1) | 0.035 |
Monounsaturated fat, % kJ | 13.9 (2.6) | 14.5 (2.6) | 0.6 (−0.3, 1.5) | 0.224 | 0.5 (−0.4, 1.4) | 0.305 |
Polyunsaturated fat, % kJ | 5.5 (1.6) | 6.8 (1.8) | 1.3 (0.7, 1.8) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.7, 1.9) | <0.001 |
Protein, % kJ | 15.6 (2.7) | 13.6 (2.2) | −2.0 (−2.9, −1.1) | <0.001 | −2.1 (−3.0, −1.1) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate, % kJ | 46.9 (5.9) | 48.7 (5.4) | 1.8 (−0.2, 3.8) | 0.082 | 1.7 (−0.4, 3.8) | 0.104 |
Sugars, % kJ | 20.4 (5.8) | 20.7 (6.1) | −0.3 (−2.4, 1.8) | 0.806 | 0.0 (−2.1, 2.0) | 0.973 |
Non-Vegetarians (n = 216) | Self-Identified Vegetarians (n = 38) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Food Group | % of Group Who were Consumers | Food Group | % of Group Who were Consumers |
Discretionary foods | 94.4 | Discretionary foods | 86.8 |
Bread | 82.4 | Vegetables | 86.8 |
Vegetables | 80.6 | Bread | 76.3 |
Fruit | 78.2 | Fruit | 73.7 |
Soups, sauces, & condiments | 73.2 | Soups, sauces, & condiments | 65.8 |
Non-alcoholic beverages | 72.7 | Milk | 63.2 |
Grains & pasta | 66.7 | Non-alcoholic beverages | 63.2 |
Milk | 65.7 | Grains & pasta | 60.5 |
Fats | 63.0 | Nuts & seeds | 52.6 |
Potatoes, kumara, & taro | 56.9 | Potatoes, kumara, & taro | 52.3 |
Poultry | 53.7 a | Fats | 50.0 |
Cheese | 49.1 | Dairy products | 44.7 |
Sausages & processed meat | 44.4 a | Cheese | 42.1 |
Dairy products | 43.5 | Legumes | 39.5 |
Breakfast cereals | 43.5 | Breakfast cereals | 36.8 |
Nuts & seeds | 39.8 | Vegetarian meat alternatives | 31.6 a |
Red meat | 38.4 a | Bread-based dishes | 29.0 |
Bread-based dishes | 31.0 | Eggs & egg-based dishes | 7.9 a |
Eggs & egg-based dishes | 27.3 a | Fish & seafood | 7.9 |
Legumes | 24.1 | Supplements containing energy | 5.3 |
Fish & seafood | 18.1 | Poultry | 2.6 a |
Pies & pasties | 15.3 a | Pies & pasties | 2.6 a |
Supplements containing energy | 4.6 | Red meat | 0 a |
Vegetarian meat alternatives | 0.5 a | Sausages & processed meat | 0 a |
Food Group | Median (25th, 75th Percentile) Energy Intake in Consumers (kJ/Day) | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|
Non-Vegetarians (n = 216) | Self-Identified Vegetarians (n = 38) | ||
Bread-based dishes | 2325.1 (1440.9, 3075.1) | 2044.3 (1312.3, 2352.7) | 0.386 |
Discretionary foods | 1436.3 (823.2, 2265.3) | 1660.5 (1099.8, 1942.4) | 0.963 |
Vegetarian meat alternatives | 519.6 | 1542.6 (1140.6, 2525.7) | 0.181 |
Pies & pasties | 1757.3 (1374.6, 2472.9) | 1467.5 | 0.508 |
Grains & pasta | 1143.0 (726.7, 1732.4) | 1167.4 (943.7, 1865.7) | 0.304 |
Bread | 973.0 (708.3, 1472.0) | 1051.4 (740.4, 1443.4) | 0.968 |
Poultry | 815.4 (548.5, 1268.3) | 874.3 | 0.813 |
Potatoes, kumara, & taro | 815.5 (439.2, 1331.9) | 851.6 (635.4, 455.3) | 0.539 |
Dairy products | 566.2 (270.5, 937.5) | 698.5 (218.0, 1469.2) | 0.484 |
Supplements providing energy | 416.8 (271.0, 632.0) | 680.3 (615.1, 745.5) | 0.197 |
Fish & seafood | 611.7 (403.1, 1117.0) | 612.6 (558.5, 1152.1) | 0.608 |
Fruit | 613.3 (409.9, 957.8) | 610.6 (268.5, 875.8) | 0.513 |
Nuts & seeds | 521.5 (264.5, 1115.3) | 581.5 (281.2, 862.1) | 0.990 |
Eggs & egg dishes | 565.0 (328.6, 756.8) | 565.0 (565.0, 698.6) | 0.634 |
Legumes | 231.4 (118.4, 435.4) | 468.2 (343.4, 779.2) | 0.011 |
Cheese | 520.5 (295.6, 784.0) | 465.1 (244.5, 902.0) | 0.750 |
Breakfast cereals | 646.3 (418.0, 1136.7) | 452.3 (381.2, 762.3) | 0.189 |
Non-alcoholic beverages | 414.8 (155.0, 787.6) | 440.5 (143.0, 808.9) | 0.960 |
Milk | 378.2 (189.7, 616.1) | 367.3 (150.5, 633.1) | 0.943 |
Vegetables | 159.0 (79.8, 353.7) | 339.0 (127.6, 671.4) | 0.012 |
Fats | 259.5 (153.0, 504.4) | 245.0 (144.3, 499.3) | 0.892 |
Soups, sauces, & condiments | 229.8 (92.1, 462.9) | 176.7 (130.7, 497.8) | 0.964 |
Red meat | 879.1 (658.3, 1280.2) | 0 | - |
Sausages & processed meat | 582.6 (253.2, 1008.2) | 0 | - |
Food Group | Median (25th, 75th Percentile) Protein Intake in Consumers (g/Day) | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|
Non-Vegetarians (n = 216) | Self-Identified Vegetarians (n = 38) | ||
Supplements providing energy | 10.8 (3.2, 22.5) | 25.8 (15.9, 35.7) | 0.197 |
Fish & seafood | 19.2 (12.0, 24.5) | 19.2 (7.5, 31.0) | 0.864 |
Vegetarian meat alternatives | 10.4 | 18.4 (11.9, 29.5) | 0.285 |
Bread-based dishes | 30.2 (14.8, 36.6) | 15.5 (10.5, 29.3) | 0.118 |
Eggs & egg dishes | 12.6 (6.4, 15.1) | 12.6 (12.3, 12.6) | 0.883 |
Poultry | 21.6 (14.7, 30.6) | 12.0 | 0.214 |
Pies & pasties | 15.9 (11.4, 21.2) | 11.4 | 0.445 |
Grains & pasta | 8.5 (5.0, 17.4) | 8.7 (6.2, 11.1) | 0.970 |
Bread | 8.9 (6.0, 12.5) | 8.4 (6.4, 10.5) | 0.878 |
Cheese | 8.5 (4.9, 12.7) | 7.5 (2.0, 17.0) | 0.490 |
Legumes | 3.2 (1.6, 7.3) | 6.7 (3.2, 10.3) | 0.033 |
Discretionary foods | 5.7 (3.1, 8.9) | 5.3 (4.6, 8.7) | 0.795 |
Nuts & seeds | 5.4 (1.6, 9.0) | 4.2 (2.3, 8.7) | 0.958 |
Breakfast cereals | 5.0 (3.6, 8.4) | 4.2 (3.8, 7.7) | 0.869 |
Vegetables | 2.1 (1.0, 4.0) | 4.1 (1.9, 6.2) | 0.049 |
Potatoes, kumara, & taro | 3.6 (2.0, 5.3) | 3.5 (2.2, 5.7) | 0.882 |
Non-alcoholic beverages | 1.1 (0.4, 5.6) | 2.3 (0.6, 8.2) | 0.176 |
Dairy products | 3.5 (1.9, 6.2) | 2.2 (1.9, 6.3) | 0.308 |
Soups, sauces, & condiments | 0.6 (0.2, 1.9) | 2.1 (0.7, 3.6) | 0.004 |
Fruit | 1.7 (1.0, 2.6) | 1.8 (0.9, 2.4) | 0.698 |
Milk | 5.0 (2.1, 8.5) | 1.7 (1.1, 8.5) | 0.117 |
Red meat | 25.5 (18.0, 37.1) | 0 | - |
Sausages & processed meat | 10.1 (5.3, 17.5) | 0 | - |
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Peddie, M.; Scott, T.; Ranasinghe, C.; Fleming, E.; Webster, K.; Brown, R.; Houghton, L.; Haszard, J. A Sample of Female Adolescent Self-Identified Vegetarians in New Zealand Consume Less Protein and Saturated Fat, but More Fiber than Their Omnivorous Peers. Nutrients 2022, 14, 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030711
Peddie M, Scott T, Ranasinghe C, Fleming E, Webster K, Brown R, Houghton L, Haszard J. A Sample of Female Adolescent Self-Identified Vegetarians in New Zealand Consume Less Protein and Saturated Fat, but More Fiber than Their Omnivorous Peers. Nutrients. 2022; 14(3):711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030711
Chicago/Turabian StylePeddie, Meredith, Tessa Scott, Chaya Ranasinghe, Elizabeth Fleming, Kirsten Webster, Rachel Brown, Lisa Houghton, and Jillian Haszard. 2022. "A Sample of Female Adolescent Self-Identified Vegetarians in New Zealand Consume Less Protein and Saturated Fat, but More Fiber than Their Omnivorous Peers" Nutrients 14, no. 3: 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030711