Vitamin D Supplementation Has No Impact on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, but Improves Inflammatory Status in Vitamin D Deficient Young Men Engaged in Resistance Training
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. General Organization of the Study
2.3. Resistance Training and Dietary Supplementation
2.4. Measurement of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
2.5. Blood Sampling and Analyses
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Placebo (n = 17) | Vitamin D (n = 20) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 12 | Week 0 | Week 12 | |
RER | 1.09 ± 0.04 | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 1.10 ± 0.06 * |
HR (beats/min) | 198.5 ± 8.6 | 198.0 ± 12.2 | 196.9 ± 10.7 | 195.4 ± 11.2 |
VE (L/min) | 145.6 ± 18.6 | 145.0 ± 19.3 | 149.0 ± 20.6 | 148.8 ± 15.4 |
BF (times/min) | 56.2 ± 7.4 | 56.0 ± 8.6 | 54.4 ± 6.6 | 54.7 ± 6.0 |
Variables | Placebo (n = 18) | Vitamin D (n = 21) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 12 | Week 0 | Week 12 | |
IL-1α (pg/mL) | 0.18 ± 0.13 | 0.22 ± 0.16 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.19 ± 0.15 |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 1.55 ± 1.03 | 1.52 ± 1.29 | 1.01 ± 0.45 | 0.95 ± 0.32 |
IL-4 (pg/mL) | 1.63 ± 0.37 | 1.67 ± 0.41 | 1.63 ± 0.35 | 1.53 ± 0.28 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.07 ± 1.16 | 0.82 ± 0.58 | 0.78 ± 0.62 | 0.97 ± 0.80 |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 10.87 ± 3.67 | 11.06 ± 4.88 | 12.80 ± 7.12 | 12.37 ± 9.59 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0.69 ± 0.32 | 0.76 ± 0.43 | 0.71 ± 0.49 | 0.88 ± 0.58 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 3.59 ± 0.99 | 3.53 ± 1.30 | 3.32 ± 0.87 | 3.06 ± 1.00 |
IL-10/TNF-α | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 0.23 ± 0.16 | 0.30 ± 0.19 * |
MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 171.2 ± 57.4 | 164.6 ± 54.7 | 188.8 ± 91.1 | 172.9 ± 82.6 |
Variables | Group | Week 0 | Week 8 | Week 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | PLC | 5.32 ± 0.28 | 5.28 ± 0.29 | 5.48 ± 0.32 |
VD | 5.12 ± 0.34 | 5.14 ± 0.38 | 5.17 ± 0.42 | |
Ferritin (µg/L) | PLC | 102.9 ± 72.9 | 79.5 ± 59.9 * | 78.0 ± 59.3 * |
VD | 129.6 ± 80.6 | 107.5 ± 74.5 * | 102.1 ± 81.4 * | |
Insulin (mU/L) | PLC | 9.22 ± 3.95 | 9.46 ± 2.11 | 9.18 ± 2.20 |
VD | 7.76 ± 2.26 | 8.13 ± 3.67 | 7.41 ± 1.71 | |
HOMA-IR | PLC | 2.21 ± 1.04 | 2.21 ± 0.49 | 2.25 ± 0.62 |
VD | 1.78 ± 0.57 | 1.86 ± 0.90 | 1.71 ± 0.44 |
Variables | Group | Week 0 | Week 8 | Week 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Haemoglobin (g/L) | PLC | 155.4 ± 9.9 | 155.4 ± 10.9 | 156.4 ± 9.2 |
VD | 153.0 ± 9.8 | 151.0 ± 10.8 | 152.5 ± 10.7 | |
Haematocrit (%) | PLC | 46.0 ± 2.5 | 45.9 ± 2.6 | 45.8 ± 2.0 |
VD | 44.7 ± 2.2 | 44.2 ± 2.2 | 44.8 ± 2.1 | |
Erythrocytes (×1012/L) | PLC | 5.26 ± 0.28 | 5.25 ± 0.27 | 5.24 ± 0.24 |
VD | 5.13 ± 0.23 | 5.08 ± 0.29 | 5.11 ± 0.28 | |
Leukocytes (×109/L) | PLC | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 5.6 ± 1.4 |
VD | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | |
Thrombocytes (×109/L) | PLC | 236 ± 49 | 242 ± 50 | 236 ± 39 |
VD | 237 ± 39 | 243 ± 41 | 239 ± 39 |
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Savolainen, L.; Timpmann, S.; Mooses, M.; Medijainen, L.; Tõnutare, L.; Ross, F.; Lellsaar, M.; Piir, A.; Zilmer, M.; Unt, E.; et al. Vitamin D Supplementation Has No Impact on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, but Improves Inflammatory Status in Vitamin D Deficient Young Men Engaged in Resistance Training. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245302
Savolainen L, Timpmann S, Mooses M, Medijainen L, Tõnutare L, Ross F, Lellsaar M, Piir A, Zilmer M, Unt E, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation Has No Impact on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, but Improves Inflammatory Status in Vitamin D Deficient Young Men Engaged in Resistance Training. Nutrients. 2022; 14(24):5302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245302
Chicago/Turabian StyleSavolainen, Lauri, Saima Timpmann, Martin Mooses, Luule Medijainen, Lisette Tõnutare, Frederik Ross, Märt Lellsaar, Anneli Piir, Mihkel Zilmer, Eve Unt, and et al. 2022. "Vitamin D Supplementation Has No Impact on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, but Improves Inflammatory Status in Vitamin D Deficient Young Men Engaged in Resistance Training" Nutrients 14, no. 24: 5302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245302