Ultra-Processed Foods and Drinks Consumption Is Associated with Psychosocial Functioning in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Overview and Participants
2.2. UPF, Fruits and Vegetables Consumption, and Physical Activity
2.3. Psychosocial Functioning
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. UPF Consumption
3.2. Fruits and Vegetables Consumption, and Physical Activity
3.3. Psychosocial Functioning
3.4. Association between UPF Consumption and Psychosocial Functioning
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (N = 560) | Male (N = 217) | Female (N = 327) | Indeterminate (N = 16) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) a | 15.24 ± 1.11 | 15.26 ± 1.13 | 15.25 ± 1.10 | 14.67 ± 0.98 | 0.129 |
UPF consumption (number products/24 h) | 7.72 ± 5.10 | 8.67 ± 5.11 | 7.06 ± 4.97 +++ | 8.31 ± 5.68 | 0.001 |
Physical activity (days/week) | 2.90 ± 1.96 | 3.63 ± 1.99 | 2.39 ± 1.78 +++ | 3.25 ± 1.91 | <0.001 |
Fruits and vegetables consumption (servings/day) | 1.93 ± 1.59 | 1.78 ± 1.45 | 2.06 ± 1.69 + | 1.24 ± 1.06 | 0.027 |
Psychosocial functioning b | |||||
Y-PSC total score | 24.92 ± 9.06 | 22.28 ± 8.26 ** | 26.49 ± 8.87 +++ | 28.69 ± 14.10 | <0.001 |
Attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms score | 6.81 ± 3.11 | 6.44 ± 3.01 * | 6.98 ± 3.09 + | 8.31 ± 4.27 | 0.022 |
Depressive symptoms score | 9.41 ± 4.59 | 8.08 ± 4.10 * | 10.21 ± 4.61 +++ | 10.88 ± 6.27 | <0.001 |
Behavior symptoms score | 5.44 ± 2.92 | 5.06 ± 2.78 ** | 5.60 ± 2.87 + | 7.38 ± 4.66 ^ | 0.003 |
Anxiety symptoms score | 6.36 ± 2.37 | 5.66 ± 2.21 | 6.84 ± 2.31 +++ | 6.31 ± 3.40 | <0.001 |
Internalizing problems score | 4.50 ± 2.33 | 3.46 ±1.99 | 5.20 ± 2.24 +++ | 4.44 ± 2.97 | <0.001 |
Externalizing problems score | 3.33 ± 2.16 | 3.29 ± 2.06 * | 3.28 ± 2.13 | 4.75 ± 3.49 ^^ | 0.028 |
Attention problems score | 5.14 ± 1.91 | 4.94 ± 1.87 | 5.30 ± 1.90 + | 4.75 ± 2.35 | 0.065 |
Product | Total (N = 560) | Male (N = 217) | Female (N = 327) | Indeterminate (N = 16) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cold meats. Fuet, salami, mortadella, packaged sweet ham, pâté, and/or other similar. | 353 (63.04%) | 141 (64.98%) | 203 (62.08%) | 9 (56.25%) | 0.673 |
Cookies. Plain cookies, cookies with chocolate. | 302 (53.93%) | 116 (53.46%) | 180 (55.05%) | 6 (37.50%) | 0.384 |
Processed meats. Frankfurt sausages, hamburgers, fish or meat sticks, and/or other similar. | 292 (52.14%) | 129 (59.45%) | 152 ++ (46.48%) | 11 (68.75%) | 0.005 |
Chocolate products. Chocolate, chocolate bars, and other chocolate products (including chocolate creams). | 276 (49.29%) | 110 (50.69%) | 160 (48.93%) | 6 (37.50%) | 0.585 |
Snacks. Snacks, crackers, potato chips, and other salty or flavored snacks. | 270 (48.21%) | 103 (47.47%) | 159 (48.62%) | 8 (50.00%) | 0.956 |
Chocolate drinks. Powdered chocolate drinks, or packaged with or without milk. | 258 (46.07%) | 101 (46.54%) | 146 (44.65%) | 11 (68.75%) | 0.166 |
Sauces. Mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard, and/or other similar. | 236 (42.14%) | 111 (51.15%) | 119 +++ (36.39%) | 6 (37.50%) | 0.003 |
Flavored yogurts. | 218 (38.93%) | 104 (47.93%) | 107 +++ (32.72%) | 7 (43.75%) | 0.002 |
Processed breads. Sliced, hamburger, or hot dog bread. | 206 (36.79%) | 88 (40.55%) | 113 (34.56%) | 5 (31.25%) | 0.328 |
Bakery. Bakery products (e.g., donuts, croissants, etc., except the homemade products). | 206 (36.79%) | 83 (38.25%) | 119 (36.39%) | 4 (25.00%) | 0.556 |
Sugary breakfast cereals. | 197 (35.18%) | 83 (38.25%) | 107 (32.72%) | 7 (43.75%) | 0.321 |
Soft drinks. Sugary drinks, light and/or without sugar. Carbonated drinks with or without flavors (e.g., cola, lemon, orange, etc.). Non-carbonated drinks (e.g., isotonic drinks with flavors, etc.). | 188 (33.57%) | 96 (44.24%) | 87 +++ (26.61%) | 5 (31.25%) | <0.001 |
Packaged fruit juices. Fruit juices with or without dairy products, fruity drinks. | 186 (33.21%) | 88 (40.55%) | 94 ++ (28.75%) | 4 (25.00%) | 0.013 |
Processed fries. Frozen fries or from fast-food chains. | 171 (30.54%) | 77 (35.48%) | 89 (27.22%) | 5 (31.25%) | 0.122 |
Sweets. Gummies, lollipops, and other sweets. | 160 (28.57%) | 67 (30.88%) | 87 (26.61%) | 6 (37.50%) | 0.406 |
Processed pizzas. Pre-frozen, frozen, or chain-restaurant pizza. | 151 (26.96%) | 74 (34.10%) | 73 ++ (22.32%) | 4 (25.00%) | 0.010 |
Ice creams. | 116 (20.71%) | 53 (24.42%) | 59 (18.04%) | 4 (25.00%) | 0.182 |
Pre-cooked dishes. Frozen pre-cooked dishes such as lasagna and/or other similar. | 99 (17.68%) | 50 (23.04%) | 44 ++ (13.46%) | 5 (31.25%) | 0.006 |
Tea soft drinks. | 88 (15.71%) | 37 * (17.05%) | 45 (13.76%) | 6 ^^ (37.50%) | 0.031 |
Instant soups. Noodles or other instant soups. | 87 (15.54%) | 40 (18.43%) | 44 (13.46%) | 3 (18.75%) | 0.275 |
Energy drinks. Energy drinks, with stimulants, with or without sugar. | 81 (14.46%) | 43 (19.82%) | 34 ++ (10.40%) | 4 ^ (25.00%) | 0.004 |
Margarine. | 76 (13.57%) | 33 (15.21%) | 40 (12.23%) | 3 (18.75%) | 0.508 |
Cereal bars. | 73 (13.04%) | 39 (17.97%) | 33 ++ (10.09%) | 1 (6.25%) | 0.020 |
Alcoholic drinks. Liquors, and/or other similar. | 35 (6.25%) | 16 (7.37%) | 16 (4.89%) | 3 (18.75%) | 0.056 |
(N = 530) | MODEL 1 (Adjusted for Sex and Age) | MODEL 2 (Adjusted for Sex, Age, Physical Activity, and Fruits and Vegetables Intake) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ß | p | 95% CI (Lower Bound, Upper Bound) | ß | p | 95% CI (Lower Bound, Upper Bound) | |||||||||||||
Y-PSC total | 0.085 | 0.052 | −0.001, 0.290 | 0.084 | 0.053 | −0.002, 0.288 | ||||||||||||
Attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms | 0.051 | 0.239 | −0.021, 0.082 | 0.050 | 0.248 | −0.021, 0.082 | ||||||||||||
Depressive symptoms | 0.107 | 0.013 | 0.019, 0.167 | 0.107 | 0.014 | 0.019, 0.166 | ||||||||||||
Behavior symptoms | 0.076 | 0.079 | −0.005, 0.090 | 0.074 | 0.087 | −0.006, 0.088 | ||||||||||||
Anxiety symptoms | 0.010 | 0.812 | −0.034, 0.043 | 0.013 | 0.760 | −0.032, 0.044 | ||||||||||||
Internalizing symptoms | 0.101 | 0.020 | 0.007, 0.079 | 0.104 | 0.017 | 0.008, 0.080 | ||||||||||||
Externalizing symptoms | 0.138 | 0.002 | 0.022, 0.092 | 0.135 | 0.002 | 0.021, 0.091 | ||||||||||||
Attentional symptoms | −0.042 | 0.340 | −0.046, 0.016 | −0.040 | 0.356 | −0.046, 0.017 | ||||||||||||
Stratifying for Sex | MODEL 1′ (Adjusted for Age) | MODEL 2′ (Adjusted for Age, Physical Activity, and Fruits and Vegetables Intake) | ||||||||||||||||
Male (N = 201) | Female (N = 314) | Indeterminate (N = 15) | Male (N = 201) | Female (N = 314) | Indeterminate (N = 15) | |||||||||||||
ß | P | 95% CI | ß | P | 95% CI | ß | P | 95% CI | ß | P | 95% CI | ß | P | 95% CI | ß | P | 95% CI | |
Y-PSC total | 0.122 | 0.085 | −0.027, 0.416 | 0.036 | 0.523 | −0.134, 0.263 | 0.453 | 0.090 | −0.169, 2.076 | 0.124 | 0.079 | −0.023, 0.421 | 0.028 | 0.615 | −0.147, 0.249 | 0.491 | 0.063 | −0.065, 2.159 |
Attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms | −0.014 | 0.844 | −0.090, 0.074 | 0.053 | 0.353 | −0.036, 0.101 | 0.576 | 0.025 | 0.056, 0.691 | −0.014 | 0.838 | −0.091, 0.074 | 0.051 | 0.365 | −0.037, 0.100 | 0.581 | 0.023 | 0.060, 0.694 |
Depressive symptoms | 0.169 | 0.017 | 0.025, 0.245 | 0.056 | 0.324 | −0.051, 0.154 | 0.403 | 0.136 | −0.144, 0.939 | 0.172 | 0.015 | 0.027, 0.247 | 0.047 | 0.404 | −0.059, 0.145 | 0.453 | 0.090 | −0.081, 0.983 |
Behavior symptoms | 0.111 | 0.117 | −0.015, 0.131 | 0.004 | 0.949 | −0.062, 0.066 | 0.599 | 0.018 | 0.089, 0.808 | 0.108 | 0.126 | −0.015, 0.131 | −0.005 | 0.934 | −0.065, 0.060 | 0.620 | 0.014 | 0.115, 0.837 |
Anxiety symptoms | 0.010 | 0.884 | −0.055, 0.064 | 0.023 | 0.685 | −0.041, 0.062 | −0.030 | 0.916 | −0.330, 0.298 | 0.014 | 0.844 | −0.053, 0.067 | 0.020 | 0.728 | −0.042, 0.061 | −0.001 | 0.997 | −0.310, 0.308 |
Internalizing symptoms | 0.187 | 0.008 | 0.019, 0.125 | 0.074 | 0.191 | −0.017, 0.083 | 0.062 | 0.827 | −0.260, 0.320 | 0.190 | 0.007 | 0.023, 0.127 | 0.063 | 0.265 | −0.022, 0.079 | 0.133 | 0.637 | −0.219, 0.345 |
Externalizing symptoms | 0.177 | 0.012 | 0.015, 0.121 | 0.068 | 0.231 | −0.019, 0.077 | 0.569 | 0.027 | 0.044, 0.612 | 0.174 | 0.014 | 0.014, 0.120 | 0.062 | 0.274 | −0.021, 0.073 | 0.585 | 0.022 | 0.058, 0.627 |
Attentional symptoms | −0.116 | 0.101 | −0.090, 0.008 | −0.003 | 0.959 | −0.044, 0.041 | 0.175 | 0.534 | −0.147, 0.270 | −0.115 | 0.105 | −0.089, 0.009 | −0.003 | 0.952 | −0.044, 0.041 | 0.186 | 0.508 | −0.141, 0.271 |
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Reales-Moreno, M.; Tonini, P.; Escorihuela, R.M.; Solanas, M.; Fernández-Barrés, S.; Romaguera, D.; Contreras-Rodríguez, O. Ultra-Processed Foods and Drinks Consumption Is Associated with Psychosocial Functioning in Adolescents. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224831
Reales-Moreno M, Tonini P, Escorihuela RM, Solanas M, Fernández-Barrés S, Romaguera D, Contreras-Rodríguez O. Ultra-Processed Foods and Drinks Consumption Is Associated with Psychosocial Functioning in Adolescents. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224831
Chicago/Turabian StyleReales-Moreno, Marta, Pietro Tonini, Rosa M. Escorihuela, Montserrat Solanas, Sílvia Fernández-Barrés, Dora Romaguera, and Oren Contreras-Rodríguez. 2022. "Ultra-Processed Foods and Drinks Consumption Is Associated with Psychosocial Functioning in Adolescents" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224831