A Narrative Review of Dietary Assessment Tools for Preschool-Aged Children in the Home Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Dietary Assessment Tool | Description | Key Considerations for Use in Preschool-Aged Children | Respondent | Diet Intake Captured | Dietary Variable Outputs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single | Multiple | Habitual | Acute | Foods/ Food Groups | Energy | Macro-Nutrients | Micro- Nutrients | Score/Index | |||
24 h Recall | Facilitated interview by trained professional or automated software to capture amounts of foods and beverages consumed by respondent in past 24 h period. Sample period: 2–3 days, mix of weekday and weekend | Primary respondent may not be with child for all 24 h. Culturally specific foods can be captured due to open-ended nature of tool. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Food Record/ Diary | Written or electronic account of all foods and beverages consumed over a specified timeframe. Items may be weighed or non-weighed. Sample period: 3–7 consecutive days | Primary respondent may not be with child for all 24 h. Record may be completed across multiple settings (childcare/home, split households). Culturally specific foods can be captured due to open-ended nature of tool. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
FFQ/ FFQ Screener | Defined list of foods and beverages; asks frequency of consumption over an extended timeframe. Respondents choose from close-ended, multiple-choice options. Usually self-administered but can be interviewer administered/assisted. FFQ contains a comprehensive list of items (~120–180 items). FFQ screeners contain an abbreviated list of the specified items (~20 items) and can be targeted to a specific food group or nutrient. Sample period: 1 W to 6 M (vs. 12 M for adults) | Complex to navigate and literacy level of respondent should be considered. The FFQ Screener provides only high-level view of intake. List of food items may not include foods commonly consumed in some cultures or child-friendly items. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | * | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Food Checklist | Defined list of foods and beverages for which respondents are asked to check which of the specified items were consumed over a specified time period. It may also ask about behavioral habits (e.g., reading nutrition labels). Portion sizes may be captured. Sample period: single or multiple days | Low participant burden, although literacy level of respondent should be considered. List of food items may not include foods commonly consumed in some cultures or child-friendly items. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources and Searching Strategies
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Selection of Studies
2.4. Data Extraction
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Participant Characteristics
3.3. Measurement Tools Used
3.4. Intervention Scope
3.5. Intervention Objectives
3.6. Key Findings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. PubMed Search Terms
- Child, Preschool[MeSH] OR “young child*”[tiab] OR kid[tiab] OR preschool*[tiab] OR toddler*[tiab]
- “parents”[MeSH] OR “home environment”[MeSH] OR “home-based”[tiab] OR “home environment”[tiab] OR “home food environment”[tiab] OR “family meal”[tiab] OR “home food”[tiab] OR “food in home”[tiab] OR “family-based”[tiab] OR “family environment”[tiab] OR “family food environment”[tiab] OR caregiver[tiab] OR parent[tiab] OR famil*[tiab] OR mother[tiab] OR father[tiab] OR guardian[tiab]
- AND
- “diet recall*”[tiab] OR “food recall*”[tiab] OR “24 h recall*”[tiab] OR “food frequency questionnaire*”[tiab] OR FFQ[tiab] OR screener[tiab] OR “dietary questionnaire”[tiab] OR “food survey*”[tiab] OR “diet survey*”[tiab] OR “meal survey*”[tiab] OR “food record*”[tiab] OR “diet record*”[tiab] OR “food checklist*”[tiab] or “food behavior checklist*”[tiab] OR “diet checklist*”[tiab] OR “food photo*”[tiab] OR “photo assisted diet assessment*”[tiab] OR PADA[tiab] OR “image based food record*”[tiab] OR IBFR[tiab] OR “dietary observ*”[tiab] OR “meal observ*”[tiab] or “food observ*”[tiab] OR “diet assess*”[tiab] OR “food assess*”[tiab] OR “meal assess*”[tiab] OR “weighed record*”[tiab] OR “plate waste”[tiab] OR “direct weighing method*”[tiab] OR “food diar*”[tiab] OR “meal diar*”[tiab]
- AND
- “food intake”[tiab] OR “energy intake”[tiab] OR “nutrition intake”[tiab] OR “dietary intake”[tiab] OR consumption[tiab] OR “diet quality”[tiab] OR “diet variety”[tiab] OR “food group”[tiab] OR calorie[tiab] OR kcal[tiab] OR “energy density”[tiab] OR adequa*[tiab] OR “healthy eating”[tiab]
- AND
- Interven*[tiab] OR trial[tiab] OR RCT[tiab] OR “randomized control trial”[tiab] OR “randomized control trial”[tiab] OR “quasi experiment*”[tiab] OR “behavior change”[tiab]
Appendix A.2. Web of Science Search Terms
- TS = (“young child*” OR kid OR preschool* OR toddler*)
- AND
- TS = (“parent” OR “home environment” OR “home-based” OR “home food environment” OR “family meal” OR “home food” OR “food in home” OR “family-based” OR “family environment” OR “family food environment” OR caregiver OR parent OR famil* OR mother OR father OR guardian)
- AND
- TS = (“diet recall*” OR “food recall*” OR “24 h recall*” OR “food frequency questionnaire*” OR FFQ OR “screener” OR “dietary questionnaire” OR “food survey*” OR “diet survey*” OR “meal survey*” OR “food record*” OR “diet record*” OR “food checklist*” or “food behavior checklist*” OR “diet checklist*” OR “food photo*” OR “photo assisted diet assessment*” OR PADA OR “image based food record*” OR IBFR OR “dietary observ*” OR “meal observ*” or “food observ*” OR “diet assess*” OR “food assess*” OR “meal assess*” OR “weighed record*” OR “plate waste” OR “direct weighing method*” OR “food diar*” OR “meal diar*”)
- AND
- TS = (Interven* OR trial OR RCT OR “randomized control trial” OR “randomized control trial” OR “quasi experiment*” OR “behavior change”)
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Study | Design | Child Participant | Adult Respondent | Dietary Assessment Tool | Dietary Variables Reported | Psychometric Properties | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Size | Age (y) Mean (SD) | Role Gender | Race/ Ethnicity | Income | Type | # Items | Sample Period | ||||
Wyse et al. (2012), Australia [40] | RCT | n = 394 | 4.3 (0.6) | Parents 96% female | Indigenous (2%) | Mixed | FFQ | NR | Previous 1 d, 7 d |
| Tool psychometrics reportedOriginal source cited (pre-K) |
Davison et al. (2013), USA [32] | Quasi-Exp | n = 423 | 3.6 (1.0) | Parents/Grandparents 92% female | White (68%) Black (22%) | Low | 24 h Recall | - | 2 d(1 Wd, 1 We) |
| Original source cited (pre-K) |
Duncanson et al. (2013), Australia [38] | RCT | n = 146 | 4.0 (0.1) I 4.0 (0.9) C | Parents 99% female | Indigenous (2%) | NR | FFQ | 120 | Previous 6 M |
| Original source cited (pre-K) |
Natale et al. (2014), USA [35] | RCT | n = 1211 | 3.9 (0.9) | Caregivers 90% female | Hispanic (56%) Black (33%) | Low | Food Checklis | 32 | NR |
| Original source cited (pre-K) |
Roche et al. (2017), Ecuador [46] | Quasi-Exp | NR | NR | Mothers | Indigenous (% NR) | NR | FFQ | NR | Previous 2 W |
| NR |
Barkin et al. (2018), USA [31] | RCT | n = 610 | 4.3 (0.9) | Parents 98% female | Hispanic (91%) | Low | 24 h Recall | - | 3 d(2 Wd, 1 We) |
| NR |
Ling et al. (2018), USA [34] | Pilot | n = 69 | 4.5 (0.5) | Caregivers 96% female | White (48%) Black (39%) | Low | FFQ Screener | 41 | Previous 1 W |
| Original source cited (other)Sample specific data provided |
Mirotta et al. (2018), Canada [36] | Pilot | n = 45 | 3.2 (0.2) | Parents | White (81%) | Mixed | Food Record(non-weighed) | - | 3 d(2 Wd, 1 We) |
| NR |
Reale et al. (2018), UK [44] | Pilot | n = 46 | 3.1 (0.8) | Mothers | White British, mixed or other (94%) | Mixed | FFQ | NR | NR |
| NR |
Food Record (weighed) | - | 4 d(1 We) |
| NR | |||||||
Aktaç et al. (2019), Turkey [43] | Quasi-Exp | n = 74 | 5.5 (0.5) I-1 5.7 (0.2) I-2 5.1 (0.6) C | Parents 51% female | NR | NR | Food Record | - | 3 d(2 Wd, 1 We) |
| NR |
Bakirci-Taylor et al. (2019), USA [30] | Pilot | n = 30 | 3.6 (1.4) I 3.8 (0.8) C | Parents 100% female | White (73%) Hispanic (13%) | Mixed | Food Checklist | 10 | NR |
| Original source cited (pre-K) |
Food Photography | - | 3 d(2 Wd, 1 We) |
| NR | |||||||
Veggie Meter | - | - |
| Original source cited (other) | |||||||
Fisher et al. (2019), USA [33] | RCT | n = 119 | 3.7 (0.8) | Mothers (biological) | Black (91%) | Low | 24 h Recall | - | 3 d(2 Wd, 1 We) |
| NR |
Poelman et al. (2019), Australia [39] | Pilot | n = 32 | 5.2 (0.8) I-1 5.1 (0.7) I-2 5.0 (1.1) C | Parents 67% female | NR | NR | FFQ | NR | NR |
| Original source cited (other) |
Food Record (weighed) | - | 3 d(2 Wd, 1 We) |
| NR | |||||||
Weighed Dinner Meal | - | 1 meal |
| NR | |||||||
Ray et al. (2020), Finland [41] | RCT | n = 802 | 5.2 (1.1) I 5.1 (1.0) C | Parents | NR | NR | FFQ | 51 | Previous 1 W |
| Original source cited (pre-K) |
Somaraki et al. (2020), Sweden [42] | RCT | n = 174 | 5.2 (0.8) | Parents | NR | NR | FFQ | NR | NR |
| Original source cited (pre-K)Adaptions cite original source (other) |
Ashton et al. (2021), Australia [37] | RCT | n = 125 | 3.9 (0.5) | Mothers | NR | Unclear | FFQ | 120 | Previous 2 M |
| Original source cited (pre-K) |
Sirasa et al. (2021), Sri Lanka [45] | RCT | n= 345 | NR | Parents/Caregivers 86% female | Sinhalese (76%) Muslim (21%) | Unclear | Food Checklist | NR | Previous 1 W |
| Checklist: NRScoring: Original source cited (pre-K) |
Study | Diet-Related Intervention Objective(s) | Intervention Duration | Assessment Tool(s) (Sample Period) | Data Collection Time Points | Key Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall Diet | |||||
Aktaç et al. (2019), Turkey [43] | Evaluate the effectiveness of family participation in nutrition education on the nutritional status of preschool-aged children. | 10 W | Food Record (3 d) | B, 10 W | The intervention led to positive changes in consumption patterns in the Family Participation Group (FPG) and Education Group (EG), with greater changes in FPG (e.g., energy percentage from proteins). |
Ashton et al. (2021), Australia [37] | Evaluate the efficacy of a family-based lifestyle intervention on change in dietary intake in fathers and their preschool-aged children and; investigate associations in father–child dietary intakes. | 8 W | FFQ (Previous 2 M) | B, 10 W, 9 M | Medium group-by-time effect sizes identified at 10 W for sodium and energy from core foods, energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and prepacked snacks; sustained at 9 M follow-up. Moderate to strong associations existed in father–child dietary intakes for some dietary variables (e.g., fast foods). |
Duncanson et al. (2013), Australia [38] | Determine if provision of quality nutrition information to rural parents using self-directed, technology-based education resources has an effect on the dietary patterns of 2–5-year-old children. | 12 M | FFQ (Previous 6 M) | B, 3 M, 12 M | Total reported energy from nutrient-dense food groups and percentage energy from energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods were high at baseline relative to estimated total energy expenditure for child age. No intervention effect. |
Natale et al. (2014), USA [35] | Assess the effectiveness of a child care-based parent and teacher healthy lifestyle role-modeling program on child nutrition and PA outcomes. | 1 School Year | Food Checklist (NR) | B, Post-intervention | Intervention group significantly increased child FV consumption. Junk food consumption significantly decreased in the intervention group, increased in the control group. |
Ray et al. (2020), Finland [41] | Evaluate the effects of a preschool-based family intervention on children’s energy balance-related behaviors such as food consumption and screen time, as well as PA and self-regulation skills. | 5 M | FFQ (Previous 1 W) | B, 5 M | No significant differences were detected between intervention and control groups for energy balance-related behaviors, self-regulation skills, or for consumption frequencies of sugary everyday foods and beverages, sugary treats, and FV. |
Roche et al. (2017), Ecuador [46] | Assess the nutritional, social, and cultural potential of mothers’ cooking clubs that promoted Quichua culture and foods (leafy greens) to improve children’s nutrition. | 12 M | FFQ (Previous 2 W) | 12 M | Mothers in the intervention group were ~10 times more likely to feed their children the leafy greens than controls. Dietary diversity scores for all promoted foods were significantly greater for intervention children than for control children. |
Sirasa et al. (2021), Sri Lanka [45] | Evaluate the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention of child nutrition education plus family engagement, compared to a single component and control, on children’s dietary diversity. | 6 W | Food Checklist (Previous 1 W) | B, 6 W | Neither the Multicomponent nor Single Component groups showed significant differences in average dietary diversity score of children between baseline and post-intervention. |
Specific Food Groups | |||||
Bakirci-Taylor et al. (2019), USA [30] | Explore the effect of a parent-focused intervention with three mHealth technologies on the accessibility and intake of FV in young children. | 10 W | Food Checklist (NR) | B, 10 W | Screener data showed intervention children had higher vegetable consumption than control. Food photos showed no significant effects for week x treatment or treatment of frequency of FV. Significant week x treatment interaction values in children’s Veggie Meter values were found in the intervention group compared to control at mid- and post-intervention. |
Food Photography (3 d) | B, 5 W, 10 W | ||||
Veggie Meter | B, 5 W, 10 W | ||||
Fisher et al. (2019), USA [33] | Evaluate the efficacy of an authoritative food parenting intervention for low-income mothers to reduce preschool-aged children’s intake of calories from SoFAS. | 12 W | 24 h Recall (3 d) | B, 12 W | At post-intervention, children in the intervention group consumed ~ 94 kcal or 23% less daily energy from SoFAS than control group. Child total daily energy intake did not significantly differ between groups post-intervention. |
Poelman et al. (2019), Australia [39] | Evaluate the effectiveness of repeated exposure to multiple vs. single target vegetables in increasing young children’s vegetable intake. | 5 W | FFQ, (NR) | B, 4 M | FFQ data showed usual vegetable intake increased in the multiple target group from 0.6 to 1.2 servings/day and did not change in other groups. Food record data were not significant. Vegetable intake from the weighed dinner meal was not significantly different between groups. |
Food Record (3 d) | B, 5 W, 4 M | ||||
Weighed Dinner Meal | B, 5 W | ||||
Wyse et al. (2012), Australia [40] | Assess the efficacy of a telephone-based intervention for parents to increase FV consumption in their 3–5-year-old children. | 4 W | FFQ (Previous 1 d, 7 d) | B, 2 M, 6 M | FV scores were significantly higher in the intervention group than control group at 2 M and 6 M. Sensitivity analysis showed intervention effect at 2 M but not 6 M. |
Eating Occasion | |||||
Reale et al. (2018), UK [44] | Explore the preliminary efficacy of two strategies of snack portion control (reduction and replacement) and; examine the efficacy of these two methods to improve diet in preschoolers. | 3 W | FFQ, (NR) | 1 W, 7–9 W | Snack replacement resulted in increased vegetable intake and decreased total daily energy intake when compared to snack reduction (Food Record). No significant changes to the frequency of snack intake pre- and post-intervention (FFQ). |
Food Record (4 d) | 1 W, 2 W, 3 W | ||||
Obesity Prevention and Treatment | |||||
Barkin et al. (2018), USA [31] | Test the effect of a multicomponent behavioral intervention on child BMI growth trajectories among preschool children at risk for obesity. | 36 M | 24 h Recall (3 d) | B, 12 M, 24 M, 36 M | The intervention resulted in a statistically significant reduction in mean child daily energy intake and higher percentage of energy from protein compared with control. |
Davison et al. (2013), USA [32] | Test initial efficacy of a parent-centered, community-based participatory research approach for obesity prevention for improving food, PA, and media-related parenting, as well as child behavioral and weight outcomes. | 6 M | 24 h Recall (2 d) | B, 8 M | At post-intervention, children had significantly lower total energy intake and macronutrient intake (fat, protein, and carbohydrate) compared with pre-intervention. |
Ling et al. (2018), USA [34] | Examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of using Facebook in a lifestyle intervention to improve healthy behaviors and reduce BMI. | 10 W | FFQ Screener (Previous 1 W) | B, 10 W | The intervention resulted in small but nonsignificant effects on children’s FV intake. |
Mirotta et al. (2018), Canada [36] | Examine the effectiveness of a home-based obesity prevention intervention on health behaviors, obesity risk and dietary intakes. | 6 M | Food Record (3 d) | B, 6 M | Post-intervention, the 4 home visits (HV) group had significantly higher fiber intake. The 4 HV and 2 HV groups had significantly higher fruit intake compared to control. |
Somaraki et al. (2020), Sweden [42] | Evaluate the effects of two approaches (a parent support program with and without booster sessions and standard treatment) to treat obesity in preschoolers. | 12 M | FFQ (NR) | B, 3 M, 6 M, 12 M | Changes in intake did not differ between children by treatment. Within group changes in cookies/buns decreased over time among children in two treatment groups. Control children significantly decreased consumption of sweets/ chocolate. |
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Bellows, L.L.; Lou, Y.; Nelson, R.; Reyes, L.I.; Brown, R.C.; Mena, N.Z.; Boles, R.E. A Narrative Review of Dietary Assessment Tools for Preschool-Aged Children in the Home Environment. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224793
Bellows LL, Lou Y, Nelson R, Reyes LI, Brown RC, Mena NZ, Boles RE. A Narrative Review of Dietary Assessment Tools for Preschool-Aged Children in the Home Environment. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224793
Chicago/Turabian StyleBellows, Laura L., Yuanying Lou, Rachel Nelson, Ligia I. Reyes, Renae C. Brown, Noereem Z. Mena, and Richard E. Boles. 2022. "A Narrative Review of Dietary Assessment Tools for Preschool-Aged Children in the Home Environment" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224793