Adolescent Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Healthy Eating: Findings of Qualitative Interviews among Hong Kong Families
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Interview Setting
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subject Characteristics
3.2. Adolescent KAP of Healthy Eating
3.2.1. Adolescent Knowledge of Healthy Eating
- Dietary recommendations
“Always those ‘more vegetables, less meat’, usually those classifications... that means do not only eat that much meat.”(A8, M, 14)
“Have heard of the salt content in [the noodle soup of] the Tam’s [Yunnan Rice Noodles] may exceed... the daily limit for a person.”(A1, F, 18)
“Do have one bowl [of vegetables] indeed... Enough [consumption]… Eating [daily] is fine already.”(A18, M, 19)
- 2.
- Health outcomes of healthy eating
“Eating too oily will have acnes... may have throat pain.”(A7, F, 14)
“I think the major benefit is having smooth excretion, less likely to have constipation. And skin condition will be better if eating more FV, having less severe acnes and keeping moisture in skin.”(A1, F, 18)
“[Eating more FV] is less likely to have constipation or cancer, and fruit is rich in vitamin C. It can help us repair the areas that are often injured... These are learnt from class.”(A12, F, 18)
- 3.
- Nutrition content in food
“Those vegetables are good for eyes, those carrots... vitamins... may be beneficial to the eyes. Or blueberry, I will eat.”(A24, F, 17)
“Usually read the sugar content when buying [sugar drinks]… I usually buy those with around 5 g per 100 mL… like sugar-free tea.”(A11, F, 13)
- 4.
- Access to healthy meals
“I think [take-away] is less healthy, maybe there are oily foods… and the drinks are very sweet, and may not know what seasonings are used, may add much oil or salt, so may not be as healthy as home [meals].”(A7, F, 14)
“If [I] want to eat more healthily for rice noodles, [I] will reduce the portion of noodles, and order an extra dish of vegetables.”(A20, F, 17)
3.2.2. Adolescent Attitudes towards Healthy Eating
- 5.
- Outcome expectation for healthy eating
“Easy to get diarrhea when eating [foods that are] too oily, because my stomach is not that resistible.”(A25, M, 18)
“Having less severe constipation [after eating vegetables]… Have experienced.”(A9, F, 17)
“I will replace the carbohydrates from starch by vegetables and fruit, so feel like less easy to get sleepy.”(A20, F, 17)
“I personally think that if... before reaching a certain age... maybe unnecessary to reduce eating oily food, but not eating too much... It is acceptable to eat certain amount, because of the metabolism, isn’t it? Can digest the food very quickly.”(A24, F, 13)
- 6.
- Food preferences
“Will eat again if [I] think [it is] tasty… Those from Bafang [Dumpling]… the flavor is heavier, usually those fried food smells better.”(A19, F, 12)
“Healthy [snacks] are usually not tasty, so not buying [them].”(A5, M, 15)
“Have learnt about [the dietary recommendations], but not following… Lazy to count the servings.”(A6, F, 14)
“I know [soft drinks are] bad for health, but [the children] also know [these are] not good for health, sometimes they still drink.”(P3, F, 55)
- 7.
- Self-efficacy regarding adopting healthy eating
“You will not eat that much when you see the portion is too large. Honestly, you assess how much you can absorb, but not rigid for everything… Indeed we will do exercise, then there will be a balance.”(A18, M, 19)
“Used to [eat fast food] more in the past, more restricted now... Going less to the fast food shops [even with friends].”(A17, M, 15)
“I do not know how to buy [or choose FV], not to mention that not knowing how to cook… Limited time [to learn from mum].”(A14, F, 13)
3.2.3. Adolescent Practices of Healthy Eating
- 8.
- Grocery shopping for healthy food
“Not reading [nutrition label] intentionally... because it feels like everything needs to be counted. [I] may prefer eating if want to, may eat less.”(A24, F, 13)
“Only read sugar and fat, and total calorie… If the sugar content is over 3 [gram], I mostly not drinking.”(A12, F, 18)
“[Reading nutrition label] is done habitually. Sometimes we will read together when she accompanies me to the supermarket. For example, we like certain brand of biscuit, and will compare the sugar, fat or whatever [on the label content] among different flavors before making a choice.”(P1, F, 51)
- 9.
- Eating home-prepared meals
“Preparing sandwiches, with egg and ham… sometimes with cheese… Steamed vegetable and meat bun, barbecue pork bun, sometimes with red bean, sesame paste.”(P4, F, 56)
“I will cook if I wanna eat instant noodles… I will cook with meat ball or luncheon meat… wonton and dumpling, which are also easy-to-cook.”(A3, F, 14)
- 10.
- Eating out in restaurants or takeaway food
“Go to buy some takeaway… after school… for lunch…. [Usually] buy McDonald’s… Sometimes buy the street food in Kwai Fong.”(A14, F, 13)
“Will pick those [dishes] less likely eat at home [when eating out]… like spiced salt, deep-fried… [Children] like fried food.”(P4, F, 56)
- 11.
- FV consumption
“Will not eat fruit if [son] is too full after eating many vegetables and drinking soup [for dinner], but will usually eat [one a day].”(P2, F, 55)
“Difficult [to order vegetables for takeaway], because those vegetables out there are very expensive… And I do not know how much oil is added. I am afraid every single piece of vegetables is oily.”(A12, F, 18)
“Will never cut [fruit] like those oranges. For apple or pear this type, will be lazier and eat the whole after washing.”(A24, F, 13)
“[Adolescents] will eat oranges, apples, can eat… at least three types of fruit daily, sometimes eating banana. Eating some in the afternoon, and half an hour or an hour after dinner.”(P11, F, 44)
- 12.
- Snacking
“I love eating curry fishballs… once in 2–3 days… Drinking 1–2 packs [of orange juice] daily.”(A6, F, 14)
“Between lunch and dinner, sometimes will eat tofu pudding, egg tart, biscuit, depends on what is available… Sometimes [mum] goes out for grocery shopping, and buy these as well.”(A5, M, 15)
4. Discussion
4.1. Major Findings
4.1.1. Knowledge Gaps
4.1.2. Attitude Gaps
4.1.3. Practice Gaps
4.2. Implications of Findings
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases. Available online: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases (accessed on 7 April 2020).
- GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2019, 393, 1958–1972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- World Cancer Research Fund International. The Link between Food, Nutrition, Diet and Non-Communicable Diseases, 2nd ed.; World Cancer Research Fund International: London, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition. Non-Communicable Diseases, Diets and Nutrition; United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition: Rome, Italy, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- NatCen Social Research, M.E.W.L. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Results from Years 7 and 8 (Combined); Department of Health and Social Care: London, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Batis, C.; Aburto, T.C.; Sanchez-Pimienta, T.G.; Pedraza, L.S.; Rivera, J.A. Adherence to Dietary Recommendations for Food Group Intakes Is Low in the Mexican Population. J. Nutr. 2016, 146, 1897S–1906S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Centre for Health Protection. Report of Population Health Survey 2014/15; Department of Health, HKSAR: Hong Kong, China, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, H.; Ma, Y.; Han, D.; Pan, C.W.; Xu, Y. Prevalence and trends in obesity among China’s children and adolescents, 1985–2010. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e105469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, Z.; Du, W.; Su, C.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, H.; Jia, X.; Huang, F.; Ouyang, Y.; et al. Prevalence and stabilizing trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China, 2011–2015. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Llewellyn, A.; Simmonds, M.; Owen, C.G.; Woolacott, N. Childhood obesity as a predictor of morbidity in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. An. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes. 2016, 17, 56–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sommer, A.; Twig, G. The Impact of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity on Cardiovascular Risk in Adulthood: A Systematic Review. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2018, 18, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centre for Health Protection. Two Plus Three Every Day. Available online: https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/100011.html (accessed on 21 March 2022).
- Lai Yeung, W.L. Gender perspectives on adolescent eating behaviors: A study on the eating attitudes and behaviors of junior secondary students in Hong Kong. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2010, 42, 250–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaitkeviciute, R.; Ball, L.E.; Harris, N. The relationship between food literacy and dietary intake in adolescents: A systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2015, 18, 649–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, S.; He, J.; Fan, X. Mapping and Predicting Patterns of Chinese Adolescents’ Food Preferences. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, D.; Shi, Y.; Chang, C.; Stewart, D.; Ji, Y.; Wang, Y.; Harris, N. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding nutrition and dietary intake of seventh-grade students in rural areas of Mi Yun County, Beijing, China. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2014, 19, 179–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Neumark-Sztainer, D.; Story, M.; Perry, C.; Casey, M.A. Factors influencing food choices of adolescents: Findings from focus-group discussions with adolescents. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1999, 99, 929–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilaro, M.J.; Colby, S.E.; Riggsbee, K.; Zhou, W.; Byrd-Bredbenner, C.; Olfert, M.D.; Barnett, T.E.; Horacek, T.; Sowers, M.; Mathews, A.E. Food Choice Priorities Change Over Time and Predict Dietary Intake at the End of the First Year of College Among Students in the U.S. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Siu, J.Y.; Chan, K.; Lee, A. Adolescents from low-income families in Hong Kong and unhealthy eating behaviours: Implications for health and social care practitioners. Health Soc. Care Community 2019, 27, 366–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Centre for Health Protection. Fat/Oil, Salt & Sugar. Available online: https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/90037.html (accessed on 8 June 2020).
- Centre for Health Protection. Ideas for Healthy Cooking. Available online: https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/90039.html (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Central Health Education Unit. Healthy Eating Tips—Eating Out; Department of Health, HKSAR: Hong Kong, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Li, M.; Dibley, M.J.; Sibbritt, D.W.; Yan, H. Dietary habits and overweight/obesity in adolescents in Xi’an City, China. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 19, 76–82. [Google Scholar]
- Abdullah, N.F.; Teo, P.S.; Foo, L.H. Ethnic differences in the food intake patterns and its associated factors of adolescents in Kelantan, Malaysia. Nutrients 2016, 8, 551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Larson, N.; Story, M. A review of snacking patterns among children and adolescents: What are the implications of snacking for weight status? Child. Obes. 2013, 9, 104–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, K.; Prendergast, G.; Gronhoj, A.; Bech-Larsen, T. Adolescents’ perceptions of healthy eating and communication about healthy eating. Health Educ. 2009, 109, 474–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fung, C.S.; Yu, E.Y.; Guo, V.Y.; Wong, C.K.; Kung, K.; Ho, S.Y.; Lam, L.Y.; Ip, P.; Fong, D.Y.; Lam, D.C.; et al. Development of a Health Empowerment Programme to improve the health of working poor families: Protocol for a prospective cohort study in Hong Kong. BMJ Open 2016, 6, e010015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fusch, P.I.; Ness, L.R. Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. Qual. Rep. 2015, 20, 1408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berge, J.M.; Arikian, A.; Doherty, W.J.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. Healthful eating and physical activity in the home environment: Results from multifamily focus groups. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2012, 44, 123–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fuster, M.; Weindorf, S.; Mateo, K.F.; Barata-Cavalcanti, O.; Leung, M.M. “It’s sort of, like, in my family’s blood”: Exploring latino pre-adolescent children and their parents’ perceived cultural influences on food practices. Ecol. Food Nutr. 2019, 58, 620–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaplan, M.; Kiernan, N.E.; James, L. Intergenerational Family Conversations and Decision Making about Eating Healthfully. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2006, 38, 298–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, K.S.N.; Chen, J.Y.; Ng, M.Y.C.; Yeung, M.H.Y.; Bedford, L.E.; Lam, C.L.K. How does the family influence adolescent eating habits in terms of knowledge, attitudes and practices? a global systematic review of qualitative studies. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marías, Y.; Glasauer, P. Guidelines for Assessing Nutrition-Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Rome, Italy, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Braun, V.; Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 2006, 3, 77–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maguire, M.; Delahunt, B. Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Irel. J. High. Educ. 2017, 9. [Google Scholar]
- Lim, H.S.; Kim, T.H.; Lee, H.H.; Park, Y.H.; Lee, B.R.; Park, Y.J.; Kim, Y.S. Fast food consumption alongside socioeconomic status, stress, exercise, and sleep duration are associated with menstrual irregularities in Korean adolescents: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2013. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018, 27, 1146–1154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lachat, C.; Khanh, L.N.B.; Huynh, T.T.; Verstraeten, R.; Nago, E.; Roberfroid, D.; Kolsteren, P. Factors associated with eating out of home in Vietnamese adolescents. Appetite 2011, 57, 649–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rooney, C.; McKinley, M.C.; Appleton, K.M.; Young, I.S.; McGrath, A.J.; Draffin, C.R.; Hamill, L.L.; Woodside, J.V. How much is ‘5-a-day’? A qualitative investigation into consumer understanding of fruit and vegetable intake guidelines. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. Off. J. Br. Diet. Assoc. 2017, 30, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, T.; Qin, Y.; Lou, P.; Chang, G.; Chen, P.; Qiao, C.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, N. Salt intake and knowledge of salt intake in a Chinese population: A cross-sectional study. J. Intern. Med. 2015, 5, 186. [Google Scholar]
- Funtikova, A.N.; Navarro, E.; Bawaked, R.A.; Fíto, M.; Schröder, H. Impact of diet on cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents. Nutr. J. 2015, 14, 118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Magnussen, C.G.; Koskinen, J.; Chen, W.; Thomson, R.; Schmidt, M.D.; Srinivasan, S.R.; Kivimäki, M.; Mattsson, N.; Kähönen, M.; Laitinen, T. Pediatric metabolic syndrome predicts adulthood metabolic syndrome, subclinical atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus but is no better than body mass index alone: The Bogalusa Heart Study and the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation 2010, 122, 1604–1611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hess, J.M.; Jonnalagadda, S.S.; Slavin, J.L. What is a snack, why do we snack, and how can we choose better snacks? A review of the definitions of snacking, motivations to snack, contributions to dietary intake, and recommendations for improvement. Adv. Nutr. 2016, 7, 466–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gage, R.; Girling-Butcher, M.; Joe, E.; Smith, M.; Ni Mhurchu, C.; McKerchar, C.; Puloka, V.; McLean, R.; Signal, L. The frequency and context of snacking among children: An objective analysis using wearable cameras. Nutrients 2020, 13, 103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, T.; Huang, B. Local retail food environment and consumption of fruit and vegetable among adults in Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hu, P.; Huang, W.; Bai, R.; Zhang, F.; Sharma, M.; Shi, Z.; Xiao, X.; Abdullah, A.S.; Zhao, Y. Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviors Related to Eating Out among University Students in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Szabo, K.; Piko, B.F.; Fitzpatrick, K.M. Adolescents’ attitudes towards healthy eating: The role of self-control, motives and self-risk perception. Appetite 2019, 143, 104416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morrell, H.E.; Song, A.V.; Halpern-Felsher, B.L. Predicting adolescent perceptions of the risks and benefits of cigarette smoking: A longitudinal investigation. Health Psychol. Off. J. Div. Health Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc. 2010, 29, 610–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Slovic, P. What does it mean to know a cumulative risk? Adolescents’ perceptions of short-term and long-term consequences of smoking. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 2000, 13, 259–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milam, J.E.; Sussman, S.; Ritt-Olson, A.; Dent, C.W. Perceived invulnerability and cigarette smoking among adolescents. Addict. Behav. 2000, 25, 71–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, K.; Tse, T.; Tam, D.; Huang, A. Perception of healthy and unhealthy food among Chinese adolescents. Young Consum. 2016, 17, 32–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reyna, V.F.; Farley, F. Risk and rationality in adolescent decision making: Implications for theory, practice, and public policy. Psychol. Sci. Public Interest A J. Am. Psychol. Soc. 2006, 7, 1–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Evans, A.E.; Weiss, S.R.; Meath, K.J.; Chow, S.; Vandewater, E.A.; Ness, R.B. Adolescents’ awareness and use of menu labels in eating establishments: Results from a focus group study. Public Health Nutr. 2016, 19, 830–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Quelly, S.B. Helping with meal preparation and children’s dietary intake: A literature review. J. Sch. Nurs. 2019, 35, 51–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benzie, I.F.; Tse, M.Y.M. Fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity and body mass index among teenagers in Hong Kong. In Dietary Fiber, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Health; Nova Science Publishers Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 199–210. [Google Scholar]
- Pengpid, S.; Peltzer, K. Fruit and vegetable consumption is protective from short sleep and poor sleep quality among university students from 28 countries. Nat. Sci. Sleep 2020, 12, 627–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Participants (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adolescents | Gender | Female | 13 | (52%) |
Male | 12 | (48%) | ||
Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 14.84 ± 2.08 | ||
12–13 | 8 | (32%) | ||
14–16 | 10 | (40%) | ||
17–19 | 7 | (28%) | ||
FV intake per day | Mean ± SD | 3.6 ± 1.53 | ||
≥5 servings (healthy) | 8 | (32%) | ||
3–4 servings (average) | 11 | (44%) | ||
1–2 servings (unhealthy) | 6 | (24%) | ||
Parents | Gender | Female | 25 | (100%) |
Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 49.24 ± 4.65 | ||
40–49 | 14 | (56%) | ||
50–59 | 11 | (44%) | ||
Participation in nutrition workshop | Yes | 10 | (40%) | |
Household | Monthly income | Median | HK$13,500–19,999 | |
>HK$27,000 | 4 | (16%) | ||
HK$20,000–26,999 | 5 | (20%) | ||
HK$13,500–19,999 | 8 | (32%) | ||
<HK$13,500 | 8 | (32%) |
Family | Characteristics of | Household Income | Participation in Nutrition Workshop | Eating Status by FV Intake | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adolescents | Parents | ||||
1 | F, 18 y | F, 51 y | 0.75–1 median | Healthy | |
2 | M, 16 y | F, 55 y | Below 0.5 median | Average | |
3 | F, 14 y | F, 49 y | 0.5–0.75 median | Participated | Average |
4 | M, 14 y | F, 56 y | Below 0.5 median | Participated | Average |
5 | M, 15 y | F, 55 y | 0.75–1 median | Participated | Unhealthy |
6 | F, 14 y | F, 42 y | 0.5–0.75 median | Unhealthy | |
7 | F, 14 y | F, 51 y | 0.75–1 median | Healthy | |
8 | M, 14 y | F, 51 y | Below 0.5 median | Participated | Average |
9 | F, 17 y | F, 40 y | Above median | Participated | Healthy |
10 | F, 14 y | F, 48 y | 0.5–0.75 median | Average | |
11 | F, 13 y | F, 44 y | Below 0.5 median | Healthy | |
12 | F, 18 y | F, 47 y | 0.5–0.75 median | Unhealthy | |
13 | M, 13 y | F, 48 y | Below 0.5 median | Participated | Unhealthy |
14 | F, 13 y | F, 49 y | Below 0.5 median | Participated | Unhealthy |
15 | M, 13 y | F, 46 y | 0.75–1 median | Healthy | |
16 | M, 12 y | F, 48 y | Below 0.5 median | Participated | Average |
17 | M, 15 y | F, 52 y | Below 0.5 median | Participated | Healthy |
18 | M, 19 y | F, 55 y | 0.5–0.75 median | Average | |
19 | F, 12 y | F, 55 y | 0.75–1 median | Participated | Unhealthy |
20 | F, 17 y | F, 55 y | Above median | Healthy | |
21 | M, 15 y | F, 47 y | Above median | Average | |
22 | M, 13 y | F, 52 y | 0.5–0.75 median | Healthy | |
23 | F, 17 y | F, 48 y | Above median | Average | |
24 | F, 13 y | F, 40 y | 0.5–0.75 median | Average | |
25 | M, 18 y | F, 47 y | 0.5–0.75 median | Average |
Themes | Knowledge in Common | Knowledge Gap | |
---|---|---|---|
Insufficiency | Inaccuracy | ||
Dietary recommendations |
|
|
|
Health outcomes of healthy eating |
|
| |
Nutrition content of food |
|
| |
Access to healthy meals |
|
|
Themes | Attitudes in Common | Attitude Gap | |
---|---|---|---|
Insufficiency | Inaccuracy | ||
Outcome expectations for healthy eating |
|
|
|
Food preferences |
|
|
|
Self-efficacy regarding adopt healthy eating |
|
|
Themes | Practices in Common | Practice Gap | |
---|---|---|---|
Insufficiency | Unhealthy | ||
Grocery shopping for healthy food |
|
| |
Eating home-prepared meals |
|
| |
Eating out in restaurants or consuming takeaway food |
|
|
|
FV consumption |
|
| |
Snacking |
|
|
|
Enablers | Barriers |
---|---|
Knowledge | |
|
|
Attitudes | |
|
|
Practices | |
|
|
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, K.S.N.; Chen, J.Y.; Sun, K.-S.; Tsang, J.P.Y.; Ip, P.; Lam, C.L.K. Adolescent Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Healthy Eating: Findings of Qualitative Interviews among Hong Kong Families. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2857. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142857
Liu KSN, Chen JY, Sun K-S, Tsang JPY, Ip P, Lam CLK. Adolescent Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Healthy Eating: Findings of Qualitative Interviews among Hong Kong Families. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2857. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142857
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Kiki S. N., Julie Y. Chen, Kai-Sing Sun, Joyce P. Y. Tsang, Patrick Ip, and Cindy L. K. Lam. 2022. "Adolescent Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Healthy Eating: Findings of Qualitative Interviews among Hong Kong Families" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2857. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142857