Using Online 24-h Dietary Methodology to Validate the Psychometric Properties of a Dietary Scoring Tool with an International Sample of Adults Living with Multiple Sclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Dietary Intake Assessment and Dietary Intake Data
2.2.2. Diet Habits Questionnaire
2.2.3. Other Measures
2.3. Statistical and Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Intake of Nutrients and Food Groups
3.3. Evaluation of the DHQ
3.3.1. Construct Validity
3.3.2. Assessment of Reliability
3.4. Principal Component Analysis Dietary Patterns
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Australia | New Zealand | United Kingdom/Ireland | United States/Canada | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 41) | (n = 9) | (n = 27) | (n = 19) | (n = 96) | |
Female sex | 34 (82.9%) | 7 (77.8%) | 19 (70.4%) | 19 (100.0%) | 79 (82.3%) |
Age (yr) * | 52.7 ± 10.9 * | 55.7± 7.2 * | 53.0 ± 7.3 * | 48.5 ± 8.3 * | 52.2 ± 9.3 * |
Weight (kg) | 65.0 (57.1, 76.2) ^ | 64.2 ± 12.7 * | 60.0 (56.0, 70.9) ^ | 73.2 (60.0, 78.2) ^ | 65.0 (57.5, 73.9) ^ |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 (21.6, 26.1) ^ | 22.8 ± 4.4 * | 22.7 (19.8, 21.1) ^ | 24.7 (21.7, 26.2) ^ | 23.19 (21.1, 25.7) ^ |
BMI category | |||||
Normal | 28 (68.3%) | 7 (77.8%) | 19 (70.4%) | 12 (63.2%) | 66 (68.8%) |
Overweight | 9 (22.0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 5 (18.5%) | 5 (26.3%) | 20 (20.8%) |
Obese | 4 (9.8%) | 1 (11.1%) | 3 (11.1%) | 2 (10.5%) | 10 (10.4%) |
MS phenotype at baseline | |||||
Benign a | 4 (9.8%) | 1 (11.1%) | 1 (3.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (6.3%) |
Relapsing-remitting | 31 (75.6%) | 7 (77.8%) | 23 (85.2%) | 16 (84.2%) | 77 (80.2%) |
Secondary-progressive | 1 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.0%) |
Unsure/other | 5 (12.2%) | 1 (11.1%) | 3 (11.1%) | 3 (15.8%) | 12 (12.5%) |
Duration since diagnosis (years) | 4.4 (2.3, 9.0) ^ | 4.4 ± 2.5 * | 2.4 (2.4, 11.0) ^ | 2.4 (1.4, 11.4) ^ | 3.9 (1.8, 8.6) ^ |
Duration since onset (years) | 8.6 (4.2, 17.4) ^ | 8.5 ± 6.0 * | 7.4 (4.4, 20.5) ^ | 10.3 (6.5, 14.4) ^ | 8.5 (4.4, 17.1) ^ |
Australia | New Zealand | United Kingdom/Ireland | United States/Canada | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 41) | (n = 9) | (n = 27) | (n = 19) | (n = 96) | |
Diet Habits Questionnaire total score | 84.5 (75.8, 88.1) ^ | 88.5 ± 9.3 * | 87.5 ± 8.1 * | 79.2 ± 11.4 * | 85.5 (77.04, 91.83) ^ |
ASA-24 Food groups | |||||
Cereals (serves) | 4.7 ± 1.9 * | 5.0 ± 1.7 * | 6.4 ± 2.4 * | 5.4 ± 2.0 * | 5.4 ± 2.1 * |
Vegetables (serves) | 6.5 (4.3, 10) ^ | 8.4 (5.0, 10.2) ^ | 6.6 (4.7, 9.5) ^ | 6.1 (4.2, 8.1) ^ | 6.5 (4.5, 9.6) ^ |
Fruits (serves) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.7) ^ | 2.1 (1.0, 3.3) ^ | 2.5 (1.5, 3.4) ^ | 1.5 (0.8, 2.7) ^ | 1.8 (1.0, 2.8) ^ |
Milk and alternatives (serves) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) ^ | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) ^ | 0.5 (0.4, 1.5) ^ | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) ^ | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) ^ |
Meat and alternatives (serves) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.3) ^ | 2.6 (1.6, 3.2) ^ | 1.9 (1.5, 2.7) ^ | 2.3 (1.5, 2.6) ^ | 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) ^ |
Discretionary foods (serves) | 3.0 (1.7, 4.2) ^ | 2.8 (1.7, 4.4) ^ | 2.4 (1.4, 3.4) ^ | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) ^ | 2.2 (1.4, 3.8) ^ |
ASA-24 Total daily energy intake (MJ) | 8.0 ± 2.1 * | 7.7 ± 1.8 * | 8.5 ± 2.1 * | 7.9 ± 1.8 * | 8.1 ± 2.0 * |
ASA-24 Nutrients | |||||
Protein (g) | 73.5 (54.1, 91.9) ^ | 73.0 ± 15.6 * | 80.0 ± 23.0 * | 72.6 ± 21.5 * | 75.2 (57.9, 93.3) ^ |
Carbohydrate (g) | 199.4 ± 74.5 * | 201.9 ± 47.5 * | 243.4 ± 74.3 * | 234.9 ± 74.5 * | 219.1 ± 74.2 * |
Total Fat (g) | 72.0 (61.0, 89.2) ^ | 62.8 (53.0, 71.3) ^ | 69.9 ± 20.7 * | 68.2 ± 17.4 * | 67.5 (58.3, 82.7) ^ |
Fatty acids, total saturated (g) | 18.0 (13.4, 25.0) ^ | 14.1 ± 3.0 * | 16.0 ± 7.1 * | 16.0 (10.7, 20.8) ^ | 15.8 (12.1, 21.6) ^ |
Fatty acids, total monounsaturated (g) | 28.9 (24.4, 38.9) ^ | 24.8 (20.0, 28.8) ^ | 27.3 (23.3, 32.3) ^ | 26.0 ± 6.8 * | 27.3 (23.3, 32.7) ^ |
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated (g) | 17.4 (14.9, 22.5) ^ | 17.4 ± 7.3 * | 17.9 ± 6.6 * | 18.4 ± 6.1 * | 17.0 (14.5, 22.3) ^ |
Omega fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) (mg) | 133.1 (63.8, 897.3) ^ | 131.9 (64.7, 710.8) ^ | 108.0 (32.0, 471.1) ^ | 61.6 (31.8, 484.1) ^ | 113.0 (34.8, 480.8) ^ |
Sugars, total (g) | 79.9 (50.3, 110.1) ^ | 79.2 (62.8, 102.5) ^ | 97.9 ± 39.6 * | 84.8 ± 30.9 * | 87.6 (59.7, 110.6) ^ |
Fiber, total dietary (g) | 33.0 ± 13.7 * | 37.9 ± 16.9 * | 44.5 ± 18.9 * | 29.6 ± 10.4 * | 34.1 (24.7, 46.6) ^ |
Alcohol (g) | 2.2 (0.7, 10.4) ^ | 10.8 (0.9, 23.5) ^ | 2.1 (0.8, 12.9) ^ | 1.4 (0.8, 15.6) ^ | 2.2 (0.8, 14.3) ^ |
Calcium (mg) | 775.0 ± 318.1 * | 652.1 ± 165.0 * | 849.9 ± 451.6 * | 824.3 (531.4, 1159.5) ^ | 782.4 (526.0, 996.0) ^ |
Iron (mg) | 14.0 ± 4.3 * | 13.7 ± 4.7 * | 16.3 ± 5.3 * | 17.1 ± 6.2 * | 15.2 (11.1, 18.5) ^ |
Magnesium (mg) | 428.1 ± 139.3 * | 504.7 ± 167.9 * | 506.6 ± 174.2 * | 390.0 ± 117.7 * | 449.8 ± 153.6 * |
Potassium (mg) | 3504.9 ± 1271.2 * | 3817.8 ± 1175.2 * | 3975.5 ± 1434.2 * | 3056.4 ± 796.8 * | 3577.8 ± 1259.8 * |
Sodium (mg) | 2409.6 ± 870.2 * | 2099.8 ± 434.1 * | 2335.4 ± 745.0 * | 3055.9 ± 886.2 * | 2359.8 (1903.5, 3060.3) ^ |
Zinc (mg) | 8.9 (7.1, 11.5) ^ | 9.7 ± 2.2 * | 10.3 ± 3.1 * | 9.6 (7.2, 10.9) ^ | 9.6 (7.4, 11.5) ^ |
Vitamin C (mg) | 122.4 (56.1, 163.9) ^ | 226.2 ± 113.9 * | 137.6 (91.0, 208.0) ^ | 88.6 (52.4, 205.3) ^ | 132.2 (64.4, 191.4) ^ |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.4 ± 0.5 * | 1.3 ± 0.4 * | 1.6 ± 0.5 * | 1.7 (1.2, 2.2) ^ | 1.5 (1.1, 1.8) ^ |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.6 ± 0.7 * | 1.2 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.6 ± 0.8 * | 1.8 (1.5, 2.7) ^ | 1.7 (1.0, 2.2) ^ |
Folate, total (µg) | 503.5 ± 146.6 * | 565.7 ± 201.9 * | 561.4 ± 171.9 * | 535.0 (411.9, 646.5) ^ | 494.1 (420.5, 656.0) ^ |
Vitamin B-12 (µg) | 3.4 (1.5, 4.6) ^ | 2.3 ± 0.9 * | 2.5 (1.4, 3.2) ^ | 3.0 (1.6, 5.6) ^ | 2.7 (1.6, 4.0) ^ |
Retinol equiv (µg) | 1032.2 (908.5, 1742.7) ^ | 1071.7 (751.1, 1646.7) ^ | 1317.1 ± 653.2 * | 882.1 (664.6, 1175.9) ^ | 1048.8 (803.4, 1588.2) ^ |
Beta-carotene (µg) | 4902.9 (3538.9, 7752.1) ^ | 4767.7 (3211.5, 8008.1) ^ | 5946.4 ± 3056.0 * | 5626.3 (3190.2, 7442.4) ^ | 4934.3 (3438.5, 7456.6) ^ |
Q1 (n = 24) | Q2 (n = 24) | Q3 (n = 24) | Q4 (n = 24) | p-Value for Trend a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diet Habits Questionnaire score | |||||
Total | 68.4 ± 5.7 * | 81.4 ± 2.8 * | 88.6 ± 2.0 * | 94.7 ± 2.3 * | <0.01 |
Cereal | 3.0 (3.0, 3.0) ^ | 3.5 (3.0, 4.0) ^ | 3.75 (3.0, 4.0) ^ | 4.5 (4.0, 5.0) ^ | <0.01 |
Fruit and Vegetables | 3.0 (2.5, 3.0) ^ | 3.5 (3.0, 4.0) ^ | 4.00 (3.6, 4.4) ^ | 4.50 (4.0, 4.5) ^ | <0.01 |
Limit take-away foods | 2.5 (2.0, 3.0) ^ | 3.0 (2.5, 3.5) ^ | 3.00 (3.0, 3.5) ^ | 3.50 (3.5, 3.5) ^ | <0.01 |
Fiber | 3.0 (2.5, 3.4) ^ | 2.5 (3.1, 4.0) ^ | 4.00 (3.5, 4.0) ^ | 4.50 (4.1, 4.5) ^ | <0.01 |
Fat | 3.0 (3.0, 3.0) ^ | 3.5 (3.5, 4.0) ^ | 4.00 (4.0, 4.0) ^ | 4.00 (4.0, 4.5) ^ | <0.01 |
Omega-3 | 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) ^ | 4.0 (2.0, 4.0) ^ | 5.00 (4.0, 5.0) ^ | 4.50 (4.0, 5.0) ^ | <0.01 |
Food choices | 3.5 (2.6, 3.5) ^ | 4.3 (3.6, 4.5) ^ | 4.50 (4.5, 5.0) ^ | 4.50 (4.5, 5.0) ^ | <0.01 |
Food preparation | 3.5 (2.6, 3.5) ^ | 4.3 (3.6, 4.5) ^ | 4.50 (4.5, 5.0) ^ | 4.50 (4.5, 5.0) ^ | <0.01 |
ASA-24 Food groups | |||||
Cereals (serves) | 4.5 ± 2.2 * | 5.9 ± 2.6 * | 5.1 ± 1.4 * | 6.00 ± 2.1 * | 0.055 |
Vegetables (serves) | 3.9 (2.5, 6.9) ^ | 7.1 (4.3, 9.0) ^ | 6.5 (5.1, 9.6) ^ | 9.0 (5.6, 10.8) ^ | <0.01 |
Fruits (serves) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.) ^ | 1.5 (0.9, 3.0) ^ | 2.1 (1.0, 2.8) ^ | 2.5 ± 1.1 * | 0.141 |
Milk and alternatives (serves) | 1.2 (0.4, 1.8) ^ | 1.0 ± 0.7 * | 0.58 (0.3, 1.4) ^ | 0.7 (0.5, 1.5) ^ | 0.210 |
Meat and alternatives (serves) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.5) ^ | 2.3 ± 1.3 * | 2.6 (1.7, 3.1) ^ | 2.6 ± 1.1 * | 0.274 |
Discretionary foods (serves) | 2.0. (1.1, 3.8) ^ | 2.5 ± 1.9 * | 2.4 (1.9, 4.3) ^ | 2.5 ± 1.3 * | 0.647 |
ASA-24 Energy (MJ) | 7.5 ± 2.5 * | 8.3 ± 2.0 * | 8.1 ± 1.8 * | 8.6 ± 1.6 * | 0.331 |
ASA-24 Nutrients | |||||
Protein (g) | 60.40 (44.4, 84.1) ^ | 77.0 ± 27.0 * | 78.3 ± 25.0 * | 81.9 ± 18.8 * | 0.397 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 199.1 ± 87.7 * | 225.4 ± 81.9 * | 219.0 ± 62.5 * | 232.8 ± 61.5 * | 0.440 |
Total Fat (g) | 70.5 ± 21.2 * | 76.5 ± 19.4 * | 68.3 (58.2, 75.4) ^ | 67.4 (61.6, 71.7) ^ | 0.592 |
Fatty acids, total saturated (g) | 16.9 (14.4, 32.5) ^ | 18.1 ± 7.5 * | 15.5 ± 5.1 * | 15.3 ± 4.9 * | <0.01 |
Fatty acids, total monounsaturated (g) | 28.1 ± 8.8 * | 30.1 (23.9, 41.3) ^ | 26.8 (21.9, 30.4) ^ | 26.2 (23.4, 29.2) ^ | 0.547 |
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated (g) | 14.6 ± 4.8 * | 18.3 (15.0, 23.6) ^ | 18.9 ± 7.0 * | 20.0 ± 5.7 * | <0.01 |
Omega fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) (mg) | 110.6 (32.6, 408.3) ^ | 62.7 (34.4, 278.6) ^ | 194.6 (56.9, 831.1) ^ | 190.0 (37.4, 1360.3) ^ | 0.124 |
Sugars, total (g) | 71.5 (45.1, 112.9) ^ | 78.6 (59.7, 106.1) ^ | 93.8 ± 39.4 * | 93.0 ± 29.8 * | 0.711 |
Fiber, total dietary (g) | 23.5 ± 10.7 * | 36.8 ± 14.8 * | 35.5 ± 11.9 * | 48.2 ± 16.2 * | <0.01 |
Alcohol (g) | 1.5 (0.4, 11.7) ^ | 1.49 (0.9, 2.8) ^ | 2.5 (1.0, 14.2) ^ | 2.3 (0.8, 26.4) ^ | 0.066 |
Calcium (mg) | 804.0 ± 459.8 * | 750.7 ± 301.8 * | 777.1 (509.0, 922.2) ^ | 927.3 ± 365.3 * | 0.403 |
Iron (mg) | 12.0 (8.3, 14.6) ^ | 16.1 ± 5.5 * | 15.1 ± 4.8 * | 17.5 ± 4.2 * | <0.01 |
Magnesium (mg) | 333.6 ± 125.9 * | 447.8 ± 134.7 * | 458.2 ± 129.4 * | 559.6 ± 141.4 * | <0.01 |
Potassium (mg) | 2751.7 ± 1078.2 * | 3356.1 (2498.3, 4218.8) ^ | 3395.9 (3062.3, 4094.7) ^ | 4287.1 ± 978.6 * | <0.01 |
Sodium (mg) | 2517.2 ± 1030.6 * | 2536.0 ± 870.8 * | 2446.6 ± 764.1 * | 2450.7 ± 760.0 * | 0.977 |
Zinc (mg) | 7.8 (6.6, 11.0) ^ | 9.9 ± 3.4 * | 9.2 (7.9, 11.5) ^ | 10.7 ± 2.4 * | 0.696 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 67.8 (46.1, 150.1) ^ | 90.4 (55.1, 201.2) ^ | 139.3 (106.8, 180.6) ^ | 190.3 (133.6, 278.5) ^ | <0.01 |
Thiamine (mg) | 1.2 ± 0.5 * | 1.5 ± 0.6 * | 1.3 (1.1, 1.8) ^ | 1.8 ± 0.6 * | 0.021 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.5 (0.9, 1.8) ^ | 1.6 ± 0.7 * | 1.6 (1.0, 2.3) ^ | 1.8 ± 0.7 * | 0.772 |
Folate, total (mcg) | 426.6 ± 127.9 * | 542.8 ± 163.4 * | 487.1 (413.1, 663.9) ^ | 613.2 ± 132.3 * | <0.01 |
Vitamin B-12 (mcg) | 2.6 (1.7, 3.9) ^ | 2.9 (1.2, 3.9) ^ | 3.3 (1.2, 4.8) ^ | 2.5 (1.60, 4.1) ^ | 0.771 |
Vitamin A (mcg) | 1033.9 ± 569.6 * | 1147.1 (825.5, 1684.7) ^ | 1041.0 (865.8, 1564.4) ^ | 1338.0 ± 632.8 * | 0.370 |
Beta-carotene (mcg) | 3479.4 (2598.4, 7023.1) ^ | 5597.2 (3615.8, 7905.3) ^ | 4888.2 (4235.2, 7786.7) ^ | 5712.36 (3754.5, 8701.5) ^ | 0.420 |
Sex | Age Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 79) | Male (n = 17) | p-Value | 33–44 y (n = 20) | 45–64 y (n = 67) | 65–86 y (n = 9) | p-Value # | |
Diet Habits Questionnaire score | |||||||
Total | 85.5 (76.0, 91.8) | 85.0 (79.6, 90.5) | 0.943 ^ | 79.6 ± 9.3 | 83.9 ± 10.7 | 86.6 ± 10.0 | 0.163 |
Cereal | 3.5 (3.0, 4.5) | 4.0 (3.0, 4.3) | 0.370 ^ | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 0.689 |
Fruit and Vegetables | 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) | 3.5 (3.0,4.0) | 0.296 ^ | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | <0.05 |
Limit take-away foods | 3.0 (2.5, 3.5) | 3.0 (2.5, 3.5) | 0.627 ^ | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 0.231 |
Fiber | 4.0 (3.0, 4.5) | 3.5 (3.0, 4.0) | 0.449 ^ | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | <0.05 |
Fat | 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.0) | 0.829 ^ | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 0.251 |
Omega-3 | 4.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 5.0 (4.0, 5.0) | <0.05 ^ | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 0.132 |
Food choices | 4.0 (3.5, 4.5) | 4.5 (4.25, 5.0) | <0.05 ^ | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 0.156 |
Food preparation | 4.0 (3.5, 4.5) | 4.5 (4.25, 5.0) | <0.05 ^ | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 0.156 |
ASA-24 Food groups | |||||||
Cereals (serves) | 5.0 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 2.3 | <0.01 * | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 5.4 ± 2.2 | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 0.118 |
Vegetables (serves) | 6.5 (4.2, 9.5) | 8.1 (5.2, 10.5) | 0.217 ^ | 7.2 ± 3.0 | 7.5 ± 4.6 | 8.4 ± 3.7 | 0.778 |
Fruits (serves) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.7) | 2.8 (1.1, 3.6) | 0.100 ^ | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 0.154 |
Milk and alternatives (serves) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.077 ^ | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.534 |
Meat and alternatives (serves) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.8) | 3.0 (1.9, 4.3) | <0.01 ^ | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 0.901 |
Discretionary foods (serves) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.4) | 3.0. (1.8, 5.5) | 0.070 ^ | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 0.322 |
ASA-24 Energy (MJ) | 7.8 ± 1.7 | 10.1 ± 2.0 | <0.01 * | 8.7 ± 1.6 | 8.1 ± 2.1 | 7.4 ± 1.8 | 0.270 |
ASA-24 Nutrients | |||||||
Protein (g) | 71.9 ± 22.1 | 98.1 ± 35.3 | <0.01 * | 87.9 ± 33.5 | 73.7 ± 22.4 | 72.1 ± 35.0 | 0.099 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 210.8 ± 73.0 | 257.4 ± 69.4 | <0.05 * | 221.2 ± 63.9 | 224.4 ± 78.1 | 174.5 ± 53.5 | 0.165 |
Total Fat (g) | 67.5 ± 15.9 | 91.4 ± 24.0 | <0.01 * | 81.4 ± 15.9 | 69.0 ± 20.2 | 70.9 ± 18.7 | 0.045 |
Fatty acids, total saturated (g) | 15.3 (11.9, 21.5) | 19.7 (14.2, 24.1) | 0.141 ^ | 23.0 ± 9.5 | 16.5 ± 7.4 | 16.3 ± 4.4 | <0.01 |
Fatty acids, total monounsaturated (g) | 26.2 (22.5, 30.2) | 40.9 (29.6, 51.9) | <0.01 ^ | 32.7 ± 8.1 | 28.2 ± 10.1 | 31.9 ± 10.1 | 0.137 |
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated (g) | 16.7 (14.5, 21.6) | 21.3 (15.4, 27.7) | 0.073 ^ | 19.0 ± 4.7 | 18.2 ± 7.0 | 17.7 ± 3.8 | 0.854 |
Omega fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) (mg) | 108.0 (34.1, 484.1) | 308.9 (46.1, 699.4) | 0.406 ^ | 663.4 ± 1168.8 | 437.3 ± 753.5 | 508.1 ± 557.0 | 0.575 |
Sugars, total (g) | 89.9 (54.8, 113.7) | 83.1 (72.7, 102.9) | 0.608 ^ | 78.8 ± 28.8 | 93.2 ± 42.5 | 78.3 ± 21.4 | 0.245 |
Fiber, total dietary (g) | 32.2 (24.2, 44.3) | 46.59 (29.9, 53.1) | <0.05 ^ | 34.2 ± 11.4 | 36.7 ± 17.3 | 35.0 ± 15.4 | 0.826 |
Alcohol (g) | 1.6 (0.7, 10.8) | 2.3 (1.0, 22.7) | 0.151 ^ | 8.2 ± 15.5 | 9.6 ± 14.2 | 9.2 ± 17.6 | 0.930 |
Calcium (mg) | 802.5 (581.3, 1024.2) | 603.1 (452.6, 859.6) | 0.174 ^ | 875.6 ± 400.8 | 816.3 ± 400.3 | 668.5 ± 156.7 | 0.411 |
Iron (mg) | 14.5 (10.9, 16.9) | 18.0 (13.7, 20.0) | 0.061 ^ | 17.3 ± 5.5 | 14.8 ± 5.0 | 14.0 ± 4.5 | 0.113 |
Magnesium (mg) | 431.7 ± 148.3 | 533.7 ± 154.4 | <0.05 * | 407.0 ± 95.0 | 460.8 ± 167.5 | 463.1 ± 147.0 | 0.379 |
Potassium (mg) | 3399.1 ± 1170.5 | 4408.4 ± 1361.3 | <0.01 * | 3313.6 ± 942.8 | 3590.5 ± 1330.2 | 4071.0 ± 1297.1 | 0.325 |
Sodium (mg) | 2293.9 (1846.4, 2975.6) | 2681.8 (2233.0, 3165.6) | 0.069 ^ | 2799.7 ± 851.6 | 2406.9 ± 845.3 | 2394.7 ± 816.8 | 0.183 |
Zinc (mg) | 9.2 (7.3, 11.3) | 11.4 (8.4, 14.0) | 0.029 ^ | 11.6 ± 5.6 | 9.6 ± 3.1 | 10.3 ± 5.8 | 0.149 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 132.7 (60.1, 191.7) | 114.6 (76.6, 197.1) | 0.905 ^ | 115.8 ± 66.2 | 154.4 ± 107.5 | 181.8 ± 109.9 | 0.195 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.9 (1.1, 2.3) | 0.300 ^ | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.78 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 0.848 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.2) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) | 0.561 ^ | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 0.351 |
Folate, total (µg) | 481.0 (411.0, 634.0) | 683.5 (527.3, 753.1) | <0.01 ^ | 526.2 ± 118.0 | 534.8 ± 178.3 | 574.6 ± 200.2 | 0.767 |
Vitamin B-12 (µg) | 2.6 (1.5, 4.0) | 2.9 (1.8, 4.6) | 0.542 ^ | 4.7 ± 3.2 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 3.9 ± 4.1 | <0.01 |
Retinol (µg) | 1032.2 (801.1, 1578.3) | 1288.1 (799.7, 1756.8) | 0.385 ^ | 1245.5 ± 573.4 | 1140.9 ± 541.3 | 1951.3 ± 1148.0 | <0.01 |
Beta-carotene (µg) | 4894.6 (3505.2, 7461.3) | 5838.5 (3404.9, 7472.8) | 0.712 ^ | 5762.5 ± 2689.0 | 5353.1 ± 2612.1 | 9271.6 ± 6359.7 | <0.01 |
Factor | Food Group by Weight in Grams (Factor Loading) | Eigenvalue | % of Variance (Total: 42.12%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Miscellaneous a (0.82) Sugar products and dishes (0.81) Non-alcoholic beverages (0.20) Cereals and cereal products (−0.20) | 2.19 | 10.42 |
2 | Special dietary foods b (0.81) Alcoholic beverages (0.73) Fats and oils (0.62) | 1.80 | 8.57 |
3 | Fruit products and dishes (0.63) Fish and seafood products and dishes (0.59) Dairy and meat substitutes (0.52) | 1.72 | 8.19 |
4 | Milk products and dishes (0.79) Meat, poultry and game products and dishes (0.46) Soup (−0.28) | 1.69 | 8.05 |
5 | Confectionery and cereal/nut/fruit/seed bars (0.84) Cereals and cereal products (0.63) Vegetable products and dishes (0.44) Non-alcoholic beverages (0.41) | 1.45 | 6.89 |
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Guan, V.; Simpson-Yap, S.; Nag, N.; Jelinek, G.; Neate, S.; Probst, Y. Using Online 24-h Dietary Methodology to Validate the Psychometric Properties of a Dietary Scoring Tool with an International Sample of Adults Living with Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214568
Guan V, Simpson-Yap S, Nag N, Jelinek G, Neate S, Probst Y. Using Online 24-h Dietary Methodology to Validate the Psychometric Properties of a Dietary Scoring Tool with an International Sample of Adults Living with Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients. 2022; 14(21):4568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214568
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Vivienne, Steve Simpson-Yap, Nupur Nag, George Jelinek, Sandra Neate, and Yasmine Probst. 2022. "Using Online 24-h Dietary Methodology to Validate the Psychometric Properties of a Dietary Scoring Tool with an International Sample of Adults Living with Multiple Sclerosis" Nutrients 14, no. 21: 4568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214568