Hearing Function and Nutritional Status in Aviation Pilots from Spain Exposed to High Acoustic Damage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Protocol
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Biochemical Parameters
3.3. Hearing Loss and Nutritional Status
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (n = 235) | <40 Years Old (n = 96) | ≥40 Years Old (n = 139) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 41.4 ± 11.1 | 30.0 ± 5.2 *** | 49.2 ± 6.3 |
Flight hours (h) | 4848.9 ± 5390.0 | 1324.8 ± 1270.5 *** | 7282.8 ± 5791.9 |
Flying experience (years) | 17.5 ± 10.8 | 7.8 ± 4.2 *** | 24.3 ± 8.6 |
Total Sample (n = 235) | <40 Years Old (n = 96) | ≥40 Years Old (n = 139) | |
---|---|---|---|
Water intake (mL) | 1779.4 ± 490.7 | 1834.9 ± 432.9 | 1741.0 ± 524.9 |
Energy (kcal) | 2042.8 ± 449.7 | 2184.8 ± 454.3 *** | 1944.8 ± 420.8 |
Proteins (g) | 88.8 ± 23.1 | 95.2 ± 23.7 *** | 84.4 ± 21.7 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 186.6 ± 53.3 | 204.5 ± 51.9 *** | 174.3 ± 50.8 |
Fats (g) | 95.9 ± 25.9 | 100.7 ± 27.3 * | 92.5 ± 24.6 |
SFA (g) | 28.4 ± 9.3 | 30.6 ± 10.3 ** | 26.9 ± 8.2 |
MUFA (g) | 44.2 ± 12.8 | 46.5 ± 13.0 | 43.7 ± 12.5 |
PUFA (g) | 13.9 ± 5.7 | 14.2 ± 5.5 | 13.9 ± 5.8 |
ω-3 FA (g) | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.2 |
Alcohol (g) | 4.7 ± 7.0 | 4.7 ± 7.5 | 4.7 ± 6.7 |
Fiber (g) | 22.8 ± 8.0 | 23.7 ± 8.3 | 22.2 ± 7.8 |
Total Sample (n = 235) | <40 Years Old (n = 96) | ≥40 Years Old (n = 139) | |
---|---|---|---|
Proteins (%) | 17.5 ± 3.3 | 17.5 ± 3.2 | 17.5 ± 3.5 |
Carbohydrates (%) | 36.5 ± 6.7 | 37.6 ± 6.2 * | 35.7 ± 6.9 |
Fats (%) | 42.2 ± 6.1 | 41.3 ± 5.5 * | 42.9 ± 6.5 |
Alcohol (%) | 1.6 ± 2.4 | 1.5 ± 2.5 | 1.6 ± 2.3 |
SFA (%) | 12.4 ± 2.3 | 12.4 ± 2.5 | 12.4 ± 2.4 |
MUFA (%) | 19.8 ± 3.9 | 19.2 ± 3.6 * | 20.3 ± 4.1 |
PUFA (%) | 6.2 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 1.8 * | 6.4 ± 2.4 |
PUFA/SFA | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 |
(PUFA + MUFA)/SFA | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.7 |
Total Sample (n = 235) | <40 Years Old (n = 96) | ≥40 Years Old (n = 139) | |
---|---|---|---|
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.6 * | 1.3 ± 0.4 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 ** | 1.6 ± 0.5 |
Vitamin B3 (mg) | 37.5 ± 9.9 | 39.8 ± 10.3 ** | 35.9 ± 9.5 |
Vitamin B5 (mg) | 5.3 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.6 *** | 5.0 ± 1.4 |
Vitamin B6 (µg) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.7 *** | 2.1 ± 0.6 |
Vitamin B8 (µg) | 29.7 ± 13.5 | 31.9 ± 13.6 * | 28.2 ± 13.2 |
Folates (vitamin B9) (µg) | 280.3 ± 103.6 | 302.6 ± 105.3 * | 264.9 ± 99.9 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 5.8 ± 4.2 | 5.4 ± 2.2 | 6.1 ± 5.1 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 120.8 ± 55.5 | 120.1 ± 53.3 | 121.3 ± 57.1 |
Vitamin A (µg) | 1180.8 ± 2510.8 | 980.8 ± 400.5 | 1318.9 ± 3245.3 |
Vitamin D (µg) | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 3.7 ± 3.5 | 3.1 ± 3.1 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 8.9 ± 4.1 | 9.1 ± 3.7 | 8.9 ± 4.4 |
Vitamin K (µg) | 156.5 ± 95.9 | 172.8 ± 100.9 * | 145.2 ± 90.9 |
Total Sample (n = 235) | <40 Years Old (n = 96) | ≥40 Years Old (n = 139) | |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium (mg) | 800.1 ± 296.9 | 902.3 ± 352.2 *** | 729.5 ± 227.7 |
Iron (mg) | 14.7 ± 4.5 | 15.6 ± 5.0 * | 14.0 ± 3.9 |
Iodine (µg) | 98.9 ± 49.7 | 104.9 ± 54.9 *** | 94.9 ± 45.6 |
Magnesium (mg) | 300.6 ± 92.3 | 320.6 ± 86.8 * | 286.9 ± 93.7 |
Zinc (mg) | 9.7 ± 2.7 | 10.6 ± 2.7 | 9.1 ± 2.5 |
Selenium (µg) | 109.8 ± 40.2 | 114.8 ± 39.9 | 106.3 ± 40.3 |
Potassium (mg) | 3007.3 ± 829.2 | 3094.9 ± 749.2 | 2946.8 ± 877.8 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1437.9 ± 383.9 | 1558.6 ± 410.6 *** | 1354.5 ± 341.6 |
Total Sample (n = 235) | <40 Years Old (n = 96) | ≥40 Years Old (n = 139) | Reference Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hcy (µmol/L) | 11.9 ± 3.1 | 10.9 ± 2.7 *** | 12.6 ± 3.2 | 4.4–10.8 |
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 470.7 ± 176.9 | 505.3 ± 182.9 * | 446.7 ± 169.3 | 279.0–996.0 |
Folates (ng/mL) | 6.9 ± 3.3 | 6.7 ± 3.2 | 7.0 ± 3.4 | 6.0–20.0 |
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL) | 28.9 ± 8.2 | 28.4 ± 6.7 | 29.4 ± 9.1 | 30.0–100.0 |
Variables | β | SEM | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.588 | 0.006 | 0.056 to 0.080 | ≤0.001 |
Constant | 0.262 | −2.074 to −1.042 | ≤0.001 |
Variables | β | SEM | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flight hours (h) | 0.283 | 0.000 | 0.000 to 0.000 | ≤0.001 |
Constant | 0.108 | 0.711 to 1.138 | ≤0.001 |
Variables | β | SEM | 95%CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flight hours (h) | 0.246 | 0.000 | 0.000 to 0.000 | ≤0.001 |
Serum Folate (ng/mL) | −0.143 | 0.026 | −0.107 to −0.005 | 0.032 |
Serum Hcy (µmol/L) | 0.227 | 0.028 | 0.039 to 0.150 | ≤0.001 |
Constant | 0.432 | −0.622 to 1.081 | 0.596 |
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Morais-Moreno, C.; Montero-Bravo, A.M.; Puga, A.M.; de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, M.; Ruperto, M.; Marco Mendez, R.; Vicente-Arche, Á.; Varela-Moreiras, G.; Partearroyo, T. Hearing Function and Nutritional Status in Aviation Pilots from Spain Exposed to High Acoustic Damage. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4321. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204321
Morais-Moreno C, Montero-Bravo AM, Puga AM, de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken M, Ruperto M, Marco Mendez R, Vicente-Arche Á, Varela-Moreiras G, Partearroyo T. Hearing Function and Nutritional Status in Aviation Pilots from Spain Exposed to High Acoustic Damage. Nutrients. 2022; 14(20):4321. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204321
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorais-Moreno, Carmen, Ana M. Montero-Bravo, Ana M. Puga, Mª de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, Mar Ruperto, Rocío Marco Mendez, Álvaro Vicente-Arche, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, and Teresa Partearroyo. 2022. "Hearing Function and Nutritional Status in Aviation Pilots from Spain Exposed to High Acoustic Damage" Nutrients 14, no. 20: 4321. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204321