Exploring Active Ingredients, Beneficial Effects, and Potential Mechanism of Allium tenuissimum L. Flower for Treating T2DM Mice Based on Network Pharmacology and Gut Microbiota
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. A. tenuissimum Flower Extract Preparation
2.3. Isolation, Characterization, and Quantitation
2.4. Network Pharmacology Predictive Analysis
2.4.1. Collecting and Analyzing Targets of Ingredients and T2DM
2.4.2. Protein−Protein Interaction Network Construction and Key Target Analysis
2.4.3. GO and KEGG Enrichment Analysis
2.4.4. Ingredient-Target Protein Molecular Docking
2.5. In Vitro α−Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Assay
2.6. In Vivo Animal Experiments
2.7. Western Blot Analysis
2.8. Gut Microbiota Analysis
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Identification and Quantitation of Compounds in A. tenuissimum Flower
3.2. Network Pharmacology Analysis
3.2.1. Potential Targets Analysis of Active Ingredients and T2DM
3.2.2. PPI Network Analysis
3.2.3. GO Analysis and KEGG Pathway Enrichment
3.2.4. Molecular Docking
3.3. α−Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Flavonoids
3.4. In Vivo Experiments Results
3.4.1. Effect on Body Weight, FBG, OGTT, and ITT of Diabetic Mice
3.4.2. Effect on Serum Biomarkers of Diabetic Mice
3.4.3. Western Blot Analysis
3.4.4. Gut Microbiota Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Calibration Curves 1 | R2 | LOD 2 (μg/mL) | LOQ 3 (μg/mL) | Content in AFr (μg/g) | Content in AF (μg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AF−1 | y = 118.4x + 1441.9 | 0.9995 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 211.1 | 105.1 |
AF−8 | y = 83.8x − 148.3 | 0.9999 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 284.1 | 59.2 |
AF−9 | y = 185.1x − 177.3 | 0.9994 | 0.25 | 1.50 | 99.4 | 10.5 |
AF−11 | y = 120.3x − 369.5 | 0.9997 | 0.50 | 1.25 | 188.8 | 26.8 |
AF−15 | y = 279.6x − 226.0 | 0.9997 | 0.20 | 1.30 | 15.7 | 8.7 |
AF−33 | y = 104.5x − 241.8 | 0.9998 | 0.15 | 0.70 | 196.3 | 54.7 |
AF−34 | y = 352.5x − 292.2 | 0.9992 | 0.10 | 1.55 | 26.2 | 21.4 |
AF−36 | y = 77.6x − 46.5 | 0.9997 | 0.45 | 2.75 | 143.7 | 37.3 |
AF−37 | y = 57.2x + 121.7 | 0.9998 | 0.15 | 1.70 | 15.1 | 7.6 |
AF−38 | y = 33.3x + 579.1 | 0.9998 | 0.20 | 1.50 | 171.6 | 21.1 |
AF−39 | y = 304.6x + 280.8 | 1.0000 | 0.10 | 1.20 | 19.6 | 8.9 |
AF−40 | y = 243.0x + 294.2 | 0.9995 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 57.9 | 40.7 |
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Zhang, S.-S.; Hou, Y.-F.; Liu, S.-J.; Guo, S.; Ho, C.-T.; Bai, N.-S. Exploring Active Ingredients, Beneficial Effects, and Potential Mechanism of Allium tenuissimum L. Flower for Treating T2DM Mice Based on Network Pharmacology and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3980. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193980
Zhang S-S, Hou Y-F, Liu S-J, Guo S, Ho C-T, Bai N-S. Exploring Active Ingredients, Beneficial Effects, and Potential Mechanism of Allium tenuissimum L. Flower for Treating T2DM Mice Based on Network Pharmacology and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):3980. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193980
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shan-Shan, Yu-Fei Hou, Shao-Jing Liu, Sen Guo, Chi-Tang Ho, and Nai-Sheng Bai. 2022. "Exploring Active Ingredients, Beneficial Effects, and Potential Mechanism of Allium tenuissimum L. Flower for Treating T2DM Mice Based on Network Pharmacology and Gut Microbiota" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 3980. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193980