Burden of Nutritional Deficiencies in China: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Framework of the GBD 2019 Study
2.2. Data Sources of the China Study
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. China’s Burden of Overall Nutritional Deficiency from 1990 to 2019
3.2. China’s Burden of Nutritional Deficiency from 1990 to 2019 by Subcategories of Nutritional Deficiency
3.3. Burden of Overall Nutritional Deficiency from 1990 to 2019 at the Provincial Level
3.4. Burden of Subcategories of Nutritional Deficiency from 1990 to 2019 at the Provincial Level
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Incidence | DALYs | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case (Thousands) | Percentage Change in Absolute Numbers, 1990–2019 | Age-Standardized Incidence Rates (per 100,000) | EAPC 1990–2019 | Case (Thousands) | Percentage Change in Absolute Numbers, 1990–2019 | Age-Standardized DALYs Rates (per 100,000) | EAPC 1990–2019 | |
Overall | ||||||||
Overall nutritional deficiencies | 28,569.88 (22,553.25, 35,422.13) | 47.90% | 2058.90 (1633.50, 2570.63) | 0.11 (−0.19, 0.41) | 2606.93 (1815.57, 3659.29) | −62.80% | 174.78 (122.20, 241.15) | −5.54 (−5.96, −5.12) |
Protein-energy malnutrition | 27,834.27 (21,809.61, 34,701.83) | 50.29% | 1996.51(1570.05,2498.19) | 0.08(−0.23,0.40) | 790.44(551.66,1082.06) | −73.85% | 54.57(39.44,74.30) | −6.93 (−7.65,−6.20) |
Iodine deficiency | 735.61 (574.29, 917.58) | −7.76% | 62.40 (48.58, 78.16) | 0.63(0.10,1.16) | 264.71 (122.77, 521.29) | 9.84% | 15.57 (7.16, 30.67) | −0.64 (−1.00, −0.28) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 25,263.60 (21,390.09, 30,021.08) | −79.35% | 2113.34 (1764.06, 2553.64) | −5.83 (−6.17, −5.48) | 40.32 (25.94, 61.11) | −67.30% | 3.69 (2.34, 5.55) | −4.29 (−4.66, −3.93) |
Dietary iron deficiency | - | - | - | - | 1206.62 (764.18, 1842.70) | −64.05% | 80.69 (51.12, 122.73) | −5.88 (−6.16, −5.60) |
Other nutritional deficiency | - | - | - | - | 304.83 (210.26, 419.73) | 14.67% | 20.26 (14.30, 27.86) | 0.68 (0.00, 1.37) |
Under 5 years | ||||||||
Overall nutritional deficiencies | 3597.19 (2597.14, 5101.01) | −60.26% | 4414.22 (3187.04, 6259.62) | −2.63 (−3.10, −2.16) | 182.42 (131.15, 253.72) | −94.31% | 223.85 (160.94, 311.35) | −10.53 (−11.00, −10.06) |
Protein-energy malnutrition | 3587.61 (2589.36, 5091.06) | −60.23% | 4402.47 (3177.49, 6247.40) | −2.63 (−3.09, −2.16) | 56.01 (44.72, 68.00) | −97.77% | 68.74 (54.88, 83.45) | −13.86 (−14.15, −13.56) |
Iodine deficiency | 9.58 (4.85, 16.76) | −68.81% | 11.75 (5.96, 20.56) | −2.83 (−3.71, −1.95) | 0.17 (0.06, 0.37) | −82.85% | 0.21 (0.08, 0.46) | −5.95 (−7.53, −4.33) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 3140.90 (1924.50, 4995.49) | −85.35% | 3854.30 (2361.61, 6130.12) | −5.10 (−5.28, −4.92) | 9.91 (6.08, 15.04) | −81.81% | 12.16 (7.46, 18.45) | −5.35 (−5.76, −4.94) |
Dietary iron deficiency | - | - | - | - | 98.85 (54.38, 158.00) | −81.34% | 121.30 (66.74, 193.89) | −5.43 (−5.86, −5.00) |
Other nutritional deficiency | - | - | - | - | 17.48 (14.36, 21.30) | −83.44% | 21.45 (17.62, 26.14) | −2.09 (−3.20, −0.96) |
5–14 years | ||||||||
Overall nutritional deficiencies | 1848.40 (1234.20, 2677.74) | 22.06% | 1290.64 (1220.22, 1361.05) | 1.12 (0.52, 1.72) | 160.13 (99.97, 241.65) | −77.44% | 111.66 (90.95, 132.37) | −5.23 (−5.55, −4.90) |
Protein-energy malnutrition | 1762.30 (1153.92, 2593.48) | 34.38% | 1230.33 (1161.58, 1299.08) | 1.46 (0.78, 2.15) | 46.89 (25.91, 78.49) | −45.52% | 32.71 (21.50, 43.92) | −3.13 (−3.58, −2.67) |
Iodine deficiency | 86.10 (61.30, 123.27) | −57.57% | 60.31 (45.09, 75.53) | −1.23 (−1.42, −1.03) | 3.84 (1.54, 8.02) | −81.55% | 2.69 (2.58, 2.82) | −5.28 (−6.63, −3.91) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 4761.74 (3178.29, 6904.21) | −83.19% | 3320.22 (3207.28, 3433.16) | −4.87 (−5.30, −4.44) | 8.59 (4.87, 13.70) | −83.13% | 5.99 (5.81, 6.17) | −5.83 (−6.13, −5.52) |
Dietary iron deficiency | - | - | - | - | 88.43 (48.73, 146.05) | −83.52% | 61.64 (46.25, 77.03) | −6.04 (−6.37, −5.71) |
Other nutritional deficiency | - | - | - | - | 12.37 (7.12, 20.08) | −18.80% | 8.64(8.42,8.85) | 0.46 (−0.15, 1.07) |
15–49 years | ||||||||
Overall nutritional deficiencies | 12,879.45 (10,024.63, 16,436.56) | 103.12% | 1759.71 (1677.49, 1841.93) | 1.51 (1.13, 1.90) | 1147.82 (750.82, 1663.03) | −44.33% | 153.02 (128.77, 177.26) | −3.62 (−3.83, −3.42) |
Protein-energy malnutrition | 12,290.17 (9446.15, 15755.84) | 111.84% | 1664.20 (1584.24, 1744.16) | 1.54 (1.17, 1.90) | 306.02 (190.85, 458.77) | 37.50% | 41.26 (28.67, 53.85) | −0.95 (−1.30, −0.61) |
Iodine deficiency | 589.28 (443.55, 767.32) | 9.29% | 95.51 (76.35, 114.66) | 1.32 (0.56, 2.09) | 168.23 (76.25, 336.26) | −5.02% | 22.07 (12.86, 31.28) | −0.40 (−0.78, −0.02) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 14,682.02 (11,497.90, 18,280.38) | −78.16% | 2131.16 (2040.68, 2221.64) | −5.25 (−5.56, −4.93) | 14.03 (8.21, 22.83) | −7.32% | 2.01 (1.93, 2.10) | −0.57 (−0.96, −0.17) |
Dietary iron deficiency | - | - | - | - | 522.77 (318.09, 821.77) | −66.27% | 68.74 (52.49, 84.99) | −5.98 (−6.23, −5.73) |
Other nutritional deficiency | - | - | - | - | 136.77 (85.38, 204.73) | 40.92% | 18.93 (18.66, 19.20) | 1.07 (0.37, 1.78) |
50–69 years | ||||||||
Overall nutritional deficiencies | 7726.77 (5914.47, 9892.05) | 310.71% | 2095.03 (2005.31, 2184.74) | 1.58 (1.35, 1.80) | 757.12 (1069.07, 504.77) | 2.84% | 205.05 (176.98, 233.12) | −3.61 (−3.89, −3.34) |
Protein-energy malnutrition | 7682.50 (5864.79, 9852.02) | 313.23% | 2083.01 (1993.55, 2172.46) | 1.59 (1.37, 1.82) | 209.16 (300.56, 135.50) | 117.75% | 56.68 (41.92, 71.43) | −1.41 (−1.89, −0.92) |
Iodine deficiency | 44.27 (24.80, 72.68) | 99.82% | 12.02 (11.80, 12.24) | −0.82(−0.87,−0.77) | 77.00 (151.38, 35.01) | 115.52% | 20.86 (11.91, 29.82) | −0.27 (−0.67, 0.13) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 2393.86 (1663.13, 3407.80) | −49.66% | 646.79 (596.94, 696.64) | −5.31 (−5.53, −5.09) | 6.03 (9.47, 3.60) | 177.83% | 1.63 (1.55, 1.71) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.30) |
Dietary iron deficiency | - | - | - | - | 377.00 (580.16, 219.71) | −33.54% | 102.10 (82.29, 121.90) | −5.59 (−5.84, −5.35) |
Other nutritional deficiency | - | - | - | - | 87.92 (126.47, 57.01) | 151.39% | 23.78 (14.22, 33.34) | 0.99 (−0.07, 2.07) |
70+ years | ||||||||
Overall nutritional deficiencies | 2518.07 (1878.90, 3321.93) | 375.67% | 2328.89 (2234.30, 2423.48) | 1.66 (1.46, 1.87) | 359.44 (285.47, 450.28) | 21.40% | 345.89 (309.44, 382.35) | −3.43 (−3.96, −2.90) |
Protein-energy malnutrition | 2511.69 (1872.02, 3312.45) | 376.73% | 2323.02 (2228.55, 2417.48) | 1.67(1.46,1.88) | 172.36(142.93,206.28) | 66.34% | 170.13(144.57,195.70) | −2.33(−3.11,−1.54) |
Iodine deficiency | 6.39(3.52,10.49) | 153.60% | 5.87 (5.62, 6.14) | −0.38 (−0.40, −0.35) | 15.48 (7.26, 29.58) | 143.82% | 14.22 (13.82, 14.64) | −0.54 (−0.92, −0.16) |
Vitamin A deficiency | 285.08(201.53,399.51) | −54.51% | 262.40(230.65,294.15) | −6.09(−6.25,−5.93) | 1.75(0.98,2.86) | 204.40% | 1.61 (1.48, 1.75) | 0.90 (0.63, 1.16) |
Dietary iron deficiency | - | - | - | - | 119.57 (72.20, 185.77) | −30.71% | 111.35 (90.67, 132.03) | −6.38 (−6.73, −6.02) |
Other nutritional deficiency | - | - | - | - | 304.83 (210.26, 304.83) | 287.44% | 21.43 (14.78, 29.51) | 1.86 (1.14, 2.58) |
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Han, L.; Zhao, T.; Zhang, R.; Hao, Y.; Jiao, M.; Wu, Q.; Liu, J.; Zhou, M. Burden of Nutritional Deficiencies in China: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193919
Han L, Zhao T, Zhang R, Hao Y, Jiao M, Wu Q, Liu J, Zhou M. Burden of Nutritional Deficiencies in China: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193919
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Liyuan, Tian Zhao, Ruijie Zhang, Yanhua Hao, Mingli Jiao, Qunhong Wu, Jingjing Liu, and Maigeng Zhou. 2022. "Burden of Nutritional Deficiencies in China: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193919