Aerobic Exercise Prevents Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle of High-Fat Diet Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Diets
2.2. Exercise Protocol
2.3. Glucose Tolerance Test and Insulin Tolerance Test
2.4. Sample Collection
2.5. Serum Analysis
2.6. Morphometric Analysis
2.7. Western Blot Analysis
2.8. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Analyses
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Aerobic Exercise Attenuated HFD-Induced Adiposity
3.2. Aerobic Exercise Reduced HFD-Induced IR and Dyslipidemia
3.3. Aerobic Exercise Upregulated IRS-1/PI3K/AKT Signaling in Skeletal Muscle
3.4. Aerobic Exercise Attenuated Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in HFD Mice
3.5. Aerobic Exercise Attenuated HFD-Activated NF-κB Signaling and Regulated Inflammatory Cytokines in Skeletal Muscle
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Primer Sequences (5′-3′) | Product Size | |
---|---|---|---|
TNF-α | Forward Primer | CCCTCACACTCAGATCATCTTCT | 199 bp |
Reverse Primer | GCTACGACGTGGGCTACAG | ||
MCP-1 | Forward Primer | AAGAAGGAATGGGTCCAGACA | 140 bp |
Reverse Primer | GCTTCAGATTTACGGGTCAACT | ||
iNOS | Forward Primer | TCCATGCTAATGCGAAAGG | 197 bp |
Reverse Primer | CTTGTCACCACCAGCAGTAGTT | ||
Arg-1 | Forward Primer | ACAGCAGAGGAGGTGAAGAGTAC | 100 bp |
Reverse Primer | AGTCAGTCCCTGGCTTATGGT | ||
IL-10 | Forward Primer | TTGCCAAGCCTTATCGGA | 103 bp |
Reverse Primer | ACCCAGGGAATTCAAATGC | ||
NF-κB | Forward Primer | AGGACCTATGAGACCTTCAAGAGTA | 145 bp |
Reverse Primer | GGAAGGTGTAGGGCTGCG | ||
GLUT4 | Forward Primer | TTGGCTCCCTTCAGTTTGG | 233 bp |
Reverse Primer | CCTTTTCCTTCCCAACCATT | ||
β-actin | Forward Primer | GTGCTATGTTGCTCTAGACTTCG | 174 bp |
Reverse Primer | ATGCCACAGGATTCCATACC |
Blood Lipids (mmol/L) | NS | NE | HS | HE | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC | 2.62 ± 0.43 | 3.02 ± 0.53 | 4.67 ± 0.40 ** | 3.89 ± 0.70 *,## | HS vs. NS p < 0.0001 HE vs. HS p = 0.007 HE vs. NS p = 0.041 |
TG | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 0.60 ± 0.09 | 0.88 ± 0.19 ** | 0.72 ± 0.07 *,## | HS vs. NS p < 0.0001 HE vs. HS p = 0.008 HE vs. NS p = 0.017 |
HDL | 3.14 ± 0.59 | 3.21 ± 0.55 | 3.75 ± 0.73 * | 3.55 ± 0.24 | HS vs. NS p =0.033 HE vs. HS p = 0.465 HE vs. NS p = 0.275 |
LDL | 0.15 ± 0.08 | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 0.32 ± 0.13 ** | 0.31 ± 0.13 | HS vs. NS p = 0.003 HE vs. HS p = 0.891 HE vs. NS p = 0.894 |
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Li, N.; Shi, H.; Guo, Q.; Gan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Jia, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, Y. Aerobic Exercise Prevents Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle of High-Fat Diet Mice. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183730
Li N, Shi H, Guo Q, Gan Y, Zhang Y, Jia J, Zhang L, Zhou Y. Aerobic Exercise Prevents Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle of High-Fat Diet Mice. Nutrients. 2022; 14(18):3730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183730
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Nan, Haiyan Shi, Qiaofeng Guo, Yanming Gan, Yuhang Zhang, Jiajie Jia, Liang Zhang, and Yue Zhou. 2022. "Aerobic Exercise Prevents Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle of High-Fat Diet Mice" Nutrients 14, no. 18: 3730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183730