Food Away from Home Frequency, Diet Quality, and Health: Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data 2011–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Meals Prepared Away from Home and Dietary Intake
2.3. Anthropometric Measures and Biomarkers of Chronic Disease
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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FAFH | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
≤2 Meals/Week (n = 7625) | >2 Meals/Week (n = 7362) | OR 1 (95%CI) | p 2 | |
----- LS means (SE) ----- | ||||
Age | 44.8 (0.24) | 40.7 (0.33) | <0.0001 | |
---------- n (%) ---------- | ||||
Sex | ||||
Female | 4279 (56.6) | 3304 (44.0) | ref | |
Male | 3358 (43.4) | 4058 (56.0) | 1.66 (1.53, 1.81) | <0.0001 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 2425 (59.8) | 2713 (66.0) | ref | |
Mexican American | 1247 (10.7) | 936 (8.3) | 0.70 (0.60, 0.81) | 0.037 |
Other Hispanic | 911 (7.6) | 691 (6.0) | 0.71 (0.62, 0.82) | 0.078 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1703 (11.6) | 1852 (11.9) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.0008 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 1062 (6.2) | 863 (4.4) | 0.65 (0.56, 0.74) | <0.0001 |
Other race 3 | 289 (4) | 307 (3.5) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.01) | 0.93 |
Education level | ||||
Less than high school | 1904 (17.0) | 1019 (9.6) | ref | |
High school/GED | 1807 (24.9) | 1557 (20.7) | 1.46 (1.28, 1.67) | 0.040 |
Some college | 2225 (30.8) | 2582 (34.3) | 1.96 (1.71, 2.26) | <0.0001 |
College graduate or above | 1696 (27.3) | 2204 (35.4) | 2.29 (1.90, 2.75) | <0.0001 |
Poverty income ratio | ||||
≥1.3 PIR | 4155 (65.4) | 5042 (77.6) | ref | |
<1.3 PIR | 3482 (34.6) | 2320 (22.4) | 0.55 (0.48, 0.61) | <0.0001 |
Marital status | ||||
Married, living with partner | 4782 (65.5) | 4134 (61.0) | ref | |
Not married | 2849 (34.5) | 3226 (39.0) | 1.21 (1.09, 1.35) | 0.0005 |
Country of birth | ||||
Born in the US | 4692 (76.8) | 5591 (85.9) | ref | |
Others | 2939 (23.2) | 1767 (14.1) | 0.54 (0.48, 0.61) | <0.0001 |
Least Squares Mean (Standard Error) 1 | p1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
FAFH ≤2 Meals/Week | FAFH >2 Meals/Week | ||
Total HEI-2015 score (MAX: 100) | 52.1 (0.3) | 49.5 (0.28) | <0.0001 |
Adequacy: | |||
Total Vegetables (MAX: 5) | 3.06 (0.03) | 2.98 (0.03) | 0.031 |
Greens and Beans (MAX: 5) | 1.84 (0.04) | 1.64 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
Total Fruits (MAX: 5) | 2.19 (0.04) | 1.88 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
Whole Fruits (MAX: 5) | 2.18 (0.04) | 1.87 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
Whole Grains (MAX: 10) | 2.52 (0.07) | 2.00 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
Dairy (MAX: 10) | 4.48 (0.07) | 4.32 (0.06) | 0.033 |
Total Protein Foods (MAX: 5) | 4.24 (0.02) | 4.28 (0.02) | 0.224 |
Seafood and Plant Proteins (MAX: 5) | 2.47 (0.05) | 2.43 (0.04) | 0.389 |
Fatty Acids (MAX: 10) | 5.44 (0.07) | 5.35 (0.06) | 0.276 |
Moderation: | |||
Sodium (MAX: 10) | 4.53 (0.06) | 4.36 (0.06) | 0.021 |
Refined Grains (MAX: 10) | 5.74 (0.07) | 5.56 (0.09) | 0.067 |
Saturated Fats (MAX: 10) | 6.54 (0.06) | 6.25 (0.07) | 0.0004 |
Added Sugars (MAX: 10) | 6.86 (0.06) | 6.57 (0.07) | 0.0009 |
Least Squares Mean (Standard Error) 1 | p 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
FAFH ≤2 Meals/Week | FAFH >2 Meals/Week | ||
Anthropometric measures | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | |||
Males | 28.5 (0.18) | 28.8 (0.18) | 0.186 |
Females | 29.4 (0.17) | 30.0 (0.21) | 0.030 |
Waist circumference (cm) | |||
Males | 99.3 (0.47) | 99.9 (0.42) | 0.279 |
Females | 96.2 (0.38) | 97.5 (0.46) | 0.044 |
Biomarkers | |||
Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.7 (0.03) | 5.8 (0.03) | 0.026 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191 (1.1) | 193 (1.31) | 0.141 |
Direct HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53 (0.38) | 52 (0.47) | 0.279 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 115 (0.98) | 116 (1.07) | 0.381 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 119 (2.88) | 127 (3.19) | 0.014 |
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Nagao-Sato, S.; Reicks, M. Food Away from Home Frequency, Diet Quality, and Health: Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data 2011–2018. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3386. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163386
Nagao-Sato S, Reicks M. Food Away from Home Frequency, Diet Quality, and Health: Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data 2011–2018. Nutrients. 2022; 14(16):3386. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163386
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagao-Sato, Sayaka, and Marla Reicks. 2022. "Food Away from Home Frequency, Diet Quality, and Health: Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data 2011–2018" Nutrients 14, no. 16: 3386. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163386
APA StyleNagao-Sato, S., & Reicks, M. (2022). Food Away from Home Frequency, Diet Quality, and Health: Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data 2011–2018. Nutrients, 14(16), 3386. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163386