Total and Added Sugar Intakes Are Increasing among Children and Adolescents in China: Findings from CHNS 1997–2011
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Assessment of Sugar Intakes and Dietary Sources
2.3. Demographic Variables
2.4. Anthropometric Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Basic Demographics and Characteristics by Years
3.2. Comparisons of Basic Demographics and Characteristics by Total Sugar Intake Levels
3.3. Trends in Total and Added Sugars Intake by Age Groups
3.4. Trends in Total and Added Sugar Intake by Gender
3.5. Trends in Total and Added Sugar Intake by Area
3.6. Trends in Total and Added Sugar Intake by BMI Categories
3.7. Trends in Total and Added Sugar Intake by Gender, Area, and BMI Categories among Different Age Groups
3.8. Dietary Sources of Total and Added Sugars
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1997 (n = 3078) | 2000 (n = 2938) | 2004 (n = 1950) | 2006 (n = 1624) | 2009 (n = 1544) | 2011 (n = 2078) | Total (n = 13,212) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics (mean ± SE 2) | |||||||
Age (year) | 10.4 ± 0.1 | 10.9 ± 0.1 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 0.0 |
BMI 3 (kg/m2) | 17.0 ± 0.1 | 17.3 ± 0.1 | 17.6 ± 0.1 | 17.3 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 0.1 | 17.9 ± 0.1 | 17.4 ± 0.0 |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1844.3 ± 11.0 | 1831.9 ± 11.6 | 1747.7 ± 15.0 | 1668.5 ± 15.7 | 1601.4 ± 15.1 | 1471.4 ± 12.6 | 1719.3 ± 5.5 |
Total fat intake (g/d) | 51.0 ± 0.6 | 57.7 ± 0.7 | 54.6 ± 0.8 | 54.3 ± 0.8 | 56.8 ± 1.0 | 54.7 ± 0.7 | 54.7 ± 0.3 |
Total fat (%E 4) | 24.8 ± 0.2 | 27.5 ± 0.2 | 27.5 ± 0.3 | 29.0 ± 0.3 | 31.0 ± 0.3 | 33.4 ± 0.3 | 28.4 ± 0.1 |
Total protein intake (g/d) | 55.6 ± 0.6 | 55.4 ± 0.4 | 53.5 ± 0.6 | 50.8 ± 0.5 | 50.1 ± 0.5 | 50.2 ± 0.5 | 53.1 ± 0.2 |
Total protein (%E) | 12.1 ± 0.0 | 12.2 ± 0.0 | 12.4 ± 0.1 | 12.3 ± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 0.1 | 14.0 ± 0.1 | 12.5 ± 0.0 |
Total carbohydrate intake (g/d) | 289.8 ± 2.0 | 273.4 ± 1.9 | 256.3 ± 2.3 | 241.2 ± 2.6 | 221.5 ± 2.2 | 190.2 ± 1.9 | 251.6 ± 0.9 |
Total carbohydrate (%E) | 63.2 ± 0.2 | 60.3 ± 0.2 | 60.1 ± 0.3 | 58.6 ± 0.3 | 56.3 ± 0.3 | 52.5 ± 0.3 | 59.1 ± 0.1 |
Total sugar intake (g/d) | 11.2 ± 0.3 | 12.0 ± 0.2 | 15.9 ± 0.4 | 18.5 ± 0.5 | 22.2 ± 0.5 | 28.1 ± 0.5 | 16.9 ± 0.2 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.0 |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.1 |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.0 |
Annual household income (yuan) | 14,051.4 ± 229.7 | 15,727.7 ± 310.5 | 19,888.5 ± 421.5 | 23,930.9 ± 822.5 | 38,682.6 ± 1110.3 | 52,384.7 ± 1262.5 | 25,395.3 ± 304.0 |
Characteristics (n (%)) | |||||||
Gender | |||||||
Boys | 1643 (53.4) | 1563 (53.2) | 1040 (53.3) | 870 (53.6) | 856 (55.4) | 1080 (52.0) | 7052 (53.4) |
Girls | 1435 (46.6) | 1375 (46.8) | 910 (46.7) | 754 (46.4) | 688 (44.6) | 998 (48.0) | 6160 (46.6) |
Area of residence | |||||||
Urban | 883 (28.8) | 746 (27.8) | 542 (28.1) | 471 (29.4) | 413 (26.9) | 745 (36.2) | 3800 (29.5) |
Rural | 2182 (71.2) | 1940 (72.2) | 1387 (71.9) | 1131 (70.6) | 1122 (73.1) | 1313 (63.8) | 9075 (70.5) |
BMI categories | |||||||
Non-overweight/obesity | 2527 (92.8) | 2370 (92.0) | 1548 (89.0) | 1248 (88.3) | 1191 (86.4) | 1605 (81.2) | 10,489 (88.8) |
Overweight | 154 (5.7) | 162 (6.3) | 145 (8.3) | 118 (8.4) | 135 (9.8) | 223 (11.3) | 937 (7.9) |
Obesity | 43 (1.6) | 44 (1.7) | 46 (2.6) | 47 (3.3) | 52 (3.8) | 149 (7.5) | 381 (3.2) |
Medical insurance | |||||||
Yes | 515 (17.1) | 466 (16.6) | 465 (24.3) | 659 (41.1) | 1323 (86.2) | 1901 (92.4) | 5329 (41.2) |
No | 2489 (82.9) | 2334 (83.4) | 1447 (75.7) | 943 (58.9) | 212 (13.8) | 157 (7.6) | 7582 (58.7) |
3–6 Years | 7–12 Years | 13–17 Years | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 1553) | Girls (n = 1316) | Boys (n = 3164) | Girls (n = 2793) | Boys (n = 2335) | Girls (n = 2051) | |||||||
Q1 | Q2 | Q1 | Q2 | Q1 | Q2 | Q1 | Q2 | Q1 | Q2 | Q1 | Q2 | |
Characteristics (mean ± SE 2) | ||||||||||||
Age (year) | 4.5 ± 0.0 | 4.6 ± 0.0 | 4.6 ± 0.0 | 4.6 ± 0.0 | 9.6 ± 0.0 | 9.7 ± 0.0 c | 9.6 ± 0.0 | 9.7 ± 0.0 c | 14.8 ± 0.0 | 14.8 ± 0.0 | 14.7 ± 0.0 | 14.8 ± 0.0 |
BMI 3 (kg/m2) | 16.0 ± 0.1 | 16.4 ± 0.2 c | 15.6 ± 0.1 | 15.8 ± 0.1 | 16.5 ± 0.1 | 17.1 ± 0.1 a | 16.2 ± 0.1 | 16.7 ± 0.1 a | 18.9 ± 0.1 | 19.6 ± 0.1 a | 19.0 ± 0.1 | 19.5 ± 0.1 a |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1162.7 ± 14.6 | 1320.0 ± 16.7 a | 1134.0 ± 15.9 | 1224.6 ± 15.5 a | 1718.7 ± 13.7 | 1814.1 ± 13.9 a | 1599.3 ± 13.8 | 1670.6 ± 14.7 b | 2151.3 ± 17.8 | 2297.7 ± 19.8 a | 1866.3 ± 16.4 | 1878.9 ± 17.4 |
Total fat intake (g/d) | 36.3 ± 0.8 | 46.5 ± 0.9 a | 34.9 ± 1.4 | 44.8 ± 0.9 a | 51.4 ± 0.8 | 60.6 ± 0.8 a | 48.2 ± 0.8 | 57.0 ± 0.9 a | 63.2 ± 1.1 | 73.5 ± 1.4 a | 56.1 ± 1.0 | 63.0 ± 1.2 a |
Total fat (%E 4) | 28.4 ± 0.4 | 31.4 ± 0.4 a | 27.5 ± 0.5 | 32.5 ± 0.4 a | 26.5 ± 0.3 | 29.6 ± 0.3 a | 27.0 ± 0.3 | 30.2 ± 0.3 a | 25.8 ± 0.3 | 28.0 ± 0.3 a | 26.8 ± 0.4 | 29.4 ± 0.4 a |
Total protein intake (g/d) | 34.0 ± 0.5 | 43.4 ± 0.6 a | 32.8 ± 0.6 | 39.8 ± 0.6 a | 51.0 ± 0.5 | 59.3 ± 0.9 a | 47.1 ± 0.5 | 53.3 ± 0.5 a | 64.4 ± 0.7 | 73.0 ± 0.8 a | 55.8 ± 0.7 | 60.5 ± 0.6 a |
Total protein (%E) | 12.1 ± 0.1 | 13.4 ± 0.1 a | 12.1 ± 0.1 | 13.3 ± 0.1 a | 12.0 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.1 a | 11.9 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.1 a | 12.0 ± 0.1 | 12.8 ± 0.1 a | 12.0 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.1 a |
Total carbohydrate intake (g/d) | 167.4 ± 2.4 | 178.6 ± 2.6 a | 163.7 ± 2.7 | 163.1 ± 2.4 a | 260.6 ± 2.3 | 260.2 ± 2.5 | 242.6 ± 2.4 | 235.9 ± 2.4 b | 332.4 ± 3.1 | 338.7 ± 3.5 | 283.8 ± 2.9 | 267.3 ± 2.8 a |
Total carbohydrate (%E) | 59.5 ± 0.4 | 55.2 ± 0.4 a | 60.4 ± 0.5 | 54.2 ± 0.5 a | 61.5 ± 0.3 | 57.4 ± 0.3 a | 61.1 ± 0.3 | 56.8 ± 0.3 a | 62.1 ± 0.3 | 59.1 ± 0.3 a | 61.2 ± 0.4 | 57.5 ± 0.4 a |
Total sugar intake (g/d) | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 28.2 ± 0.8 a | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 26.8 ± 0.7 a | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 28.5 ± 0.6 a | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 26.7 ± 0.6 a | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 31.1 ± 0.6 a | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 29.3 ± 0.6 a |
Total sugar (%E) | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 8.9 ± 0.2 a | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 9.1 ± 0.2 a | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 6.7 ± 0.1 a | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 6.8 ± 0.1 a | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 5.7 ± 0.1 a | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 6.7 ± 0.2 a |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 6.9 ± 0.5 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 6.3 ± 0.5 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 5.1 ± 0.3 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 4.5 ± 0.3 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 0.3 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 4.4 ± 0.4 a |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 2.1 ± 0.1 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 a |
Annual household income (yuan) | 21,096.9 ± 1041.1 | 38,736.2 ± 1797.0 a | 20,570.2 ± 860.5 | 40,766.4 ± 1921.7 a | 19,415.4 ± 775.4 | 30,091.0 ± 980.8 a | 18,016.9 ± 544.7 | 28,481.1 ± 919.1 a | 18,257.0 ± 615.2 | 29,277.5 ± 1276.7 a | 17,960.6 ± 525.3 | 30,632.4 ± 1292.8 a |
Characteristics (n (%)) | ||||||||||||
Area of residence | ||||||||||||
Urban | 116 (15.3) | 250 (32.8) a | 133 (20.8) | 269 (41.2) a | 316 (20.3) | 493 (31.7) a | 288 (21.2) | 526 (32.8) a | 309 (27.7) | 417 (36.9) a | 283 (29.0) | 400 (40.1) a |
Rural | 642 (84.7) | 512 (67.2) | 507 (79.2) | 384 (58.8) | 1243 (79.7) | 1061 (68.3) | 1068 (78.8) | 848 (67.2) | 805 (72.3) | 714 (63.1) | 694 (71.0) | 597 (59.9) |
BMI categories | ||||||||||||
Non-overweight/obesity | 586 (87.5) | 569 (83.6) | 484 (86.1) | 470 (81.7) | 1303 (90.0) | 1202 (83.3) a | 1154 (91.4) | 1110 (83.6) a | 948 (93.3) | 920 (89.3) b | 876 (96.6) | 867 (93.9) c |
Overweight | 46 (6.9) | 54 (7.9) | 41 (7.3) | 59 (10.3) | 104 (7.2) | 176 (12.2) | 81 (6.4) | 145 (7.9) | 64 (6.3) | 92 (8.9) | 26 (2.9) | 49 (5.3) |
Obesity | 38 (5.7) | 58 (8.5) | 37 (6.6) | 46 (8.0) | 41 (2.8) | 65 (4.5) | 27 (2.1) | 35 (8.5) | 4 (0.4) | 18 (1.7) | 5 (0.6) | 7 (0.8) |
Medical insurance | ||||||||||||
Yes | 281 (37.3) | 443 (58.2) a | 217 (33.9) | 399 (61.2) a | 474 (30.5) | 837 (53.9) a | 443 (32.3) | 678 (58.2) a | 296 (26.3) | 515 (45.1) a | 292 (29.5) | 454 (45.2) a |
No | 473 (62.7) | 318 (41.8) | 423 (66.1) | 253 (38.8) | 1080 (69.5) | 717 (46.1) | 927 (67.7) | 684 (41.8) | 831 (73.7) | 626 (54.9) | 699 (70.5) | 551 (54.8) |
1997 | 2000 | 2004 | 2006 | 2009 | 2011 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3–6 years | |||||||
n = 525 | n = 482 | n = 403 | n = 377 | n = 445 | n = 637 | ||
Gender | |||||||
Boys | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 9.5 ± 0.8 | 10.1 ± 0.8 | 13.1 ± 1.4 | 16.2 ± 1.3 | 19.8 ± 1.3 | 25.8 ± 1.4 |
Total sugar (%E 3) | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 8.3 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 0.6 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | |
Girls | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 8.9 ± 0.7 | 11.1 ± 0.8 | 15.1 ± 1.4 | 21.1 ± 1.5 | 24.4 ± 1.1 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 0.4 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 1.1 | 6.8 ± 0.6 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | |
Area | |||||||
Urban | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 15.8 ± 1.5 | 12.4 ± 1.4 | 19.9 ± 2.5 | 22.7 ± 2.4 | 26.0 ± 2.0 | 34.5 ± 1.9 |
Total sugar (%E) | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 11.9 ± 0.5 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | 9.5 ± 0.9 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | |
Rural | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 7.3 ± 0.5 | 8.4 ± 0.6 | 9.7 ± 0.7 | 12.9 ± 0.9 | 18.4 ± 1.1 | 20.8 ± 1.0 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | |
BMI 1 categories | |||||||
Non-overweight/obesity | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 10.0 ± 0.7 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 12.1 ± 0.9 | 15.4 ± 1.0 | 20.4 ± 1.2 | 24.2 ± 0.9 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.3 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | |
Overweight | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 13.3 ± 2.2 | 14.0 ± 3.5 | 26.0 ± 3.9 | 24.8 ± 2.3 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 8.5 ± 1.1 | 9.0 ± 0.8 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 1.9 | 7.7 ± 1.4 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | |
Obesity | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 7.7 ± 2.0 | 12.0 ± 3.1 | 10.9 ± 1.6 | 15.3 ± 2.7 | 14.0 ± 2.1 | 32.7 ± 4.6 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 0.9 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 9.5 ± 1.5 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | |
7–12 years | |||||||
n = 1567 | n = 1347 | n = 779 | n = 710 | n = 666 | n = 888 | ||
Gender | |||||||
Boys | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 11.4 ± 0.6 | 11.7 ± 0.4 | 14.7 ± 0.8 | 18.4 ± 1.0 | 23.7 ± 1.2 | 30.6 ± 1.2 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 8.2 ± 0.9 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | |
Girls | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 11.8 ± 0.5 | 15.6 ± 0.8 | 16.8 ± 0.9 | 21.1 ± 1.3 | 25.5 ± 1.1 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 7.4 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | |
Area | |||||||
Urban | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 17.8 ± 1.5 | 15.0 ± 0.9 | 19.3 ± 1.3 | 23.8 ± 1.7 | 31.4 ± 2.0 | 34.3 ± 1.6 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 9.1 ± 1.4 | 9.5 ± 1.2 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | |
Rural | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 8.9 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.3 | 13.8 ± 0.6 | 15.4 ± 0.7 | 19.7 ± 0.9 | 24.8 ± 0.9 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | |
BMI categories | |||||||
Non-overweight/obesity | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 11.4 ± 0.5 | 11.6 ± 0.4 | 14.4 ± 0.6 | 16.8 ± 0.7 | 22.3 ± 1.0 | 27.1 ± 0.9 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.2 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | |
Overweight | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 15.8 ± 2.8 | 14.0 ± 1.2 | 17.4 ± 2.3 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 30.2 ± 2.8 | 29.6 ± 2.0 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 8.4 ± 1.2 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | |
Obesity | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 9.7 ± 1.4 | 12.1 ± 3.2 | 21.0 ± 5.6 | 19.4 ± 3.3 | 20.6 ± 3.9 | 37.6 ± 5.4 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 8.8 ± 0.9 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 13.6 ± 4.9 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | |
13–17 years | |||||||
n = 986 | n = 1109 | n = 768 | n = 537 | n = 433 | n = 553 | ||
Gender | |||||||
Boys | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 11.4 ± 0.5 | 14.0 ± 0.5 | 20.2 ± 1.1 | 22.4 ± 1.3 | 24.2 ± 1.4 | 32.4 ± 1.5 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 8.1 ± 0.8 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | |
Girls | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 12.2 ± 0.7 | 12.7 ± 0.6 | 16.8 ± 0.8 | 20.8 ± 1.1 | 22.8 ± 1.5 | 30.5 ± 1.5 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 7.9 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | |
Area | |||||||
Urban | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 15.8 ± 1.1 | 14.6 ± 0.8 | 22.4 ± 1.6 | 26.6 ± 1.9 | 29.6 ± 2.1 | 35.5 ± 1.7 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 8.5 ± 0.4 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 9.7 ± 0.9 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | |
Rural | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 10.0 ± 0.4 | 13.1 ± 0.5 | 16.9 ± 0.7 | 19.1 ± 0.9 | 20.9 ± 1.1 | 28.4 ± 1.4 |
Total sugar (%E) | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | |
BMI categories | |||||||
Non-overweight/obesity | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 11.9 ± 0.5 | 13.2 ± 0.4 | 18.3 ± 0.8 | 21.5 ± 1.0 | 23.0 ± 1.1 | 31.6 ± 1.2 |
Total sugar (%E) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 7.6 ± 0.7 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | |
Overweight | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 16.4 ± 2.5 | 19.4 ± 2.9 | 17.4 ± 2.3 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 23.7 ± 3.3 | 32.4 ± 3.6 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 1.7 | 7.5 ± 1.5 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | |
Obesity | Total sugar intake (g/d) | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 11.0 ± 6.4 | 17.1 ± 4.0 | 6.3 ± 0.8 | 35.3 ± 7.5 | 37.9 ± 7.4 |
Total sugar (%E) | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.9 | 8.0 ± 1.3 | |
Added sugar intake (g/d) | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 7.0 | 7.4 ± 2.6 | |
Added sugar (%E) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.5 |
Dietary Sources of Total Sugar | |||||
1997 | 2011 | ||||
Rank | Food/Beverage Groups | % of Total Intake | Rank | Food/Beverage Groups | % of Total Intake |
1 | Vegetables and vegetable products | 34.3 | 1 | Fresh fruits | 22.9 |
2 | Cereals and cereals products | 32.1 | 2 | Cakes/pies/sweet rolls or other pastry | 20.3 |
3 | Dried legumes and legume products | 23.7 | 3 | Vegetables and vegetable products | 15.2 |
4 | Tubers/starches products | 6.8 | 4 | Liquid milk | 12.0 |
5 | Sugars/Candies | 1.6 | 5 | Cereals and cereals products | 5.0 |
6 | Others 2 | 1.3 | 6 | Dried legumes and legume products | 4.0 |
7 | Ice-creams | 2.4 | |||
8 | Carbonated drinks | 2.3 | |||
9 | Biscuits | 2.2 | |||
10 | Quick bread and bread products | 2.1 | |||
11 | Sugars/Candies | 1.8 | |||
12 | Yogurt | 1.6 | |||
13 | Infant foods | 1.4 | |||
14 | Fruit Juices and drinks | 1.3 | |||
15 | Tubers/starches products | 1.1 | |||
16 | Nuts and seeds | 1.1 | |||
17 | Others 2 | 3.4 | |||
Dietary Sources of Added Sugar | |||||
1997 | 2011 | ||||
Rank | Food/beverage groups | % of total intake | Rank | Food/beverage groups | % of total intake |
1 | Dried legumes and legume products | 68.1 | 1 | Cakes/pies/sweet rolls or other pastry | 56.8 |
2 | Vegetables and vegetable products | 13.9 | 2 | Carbonated drinks | 7.7 |
3 | Sugars/Candies | 11.2 | 3 | Ice-creams | 6.8 |
4 | Biscuits | 4.9 | 4 | Biscuits | 6.4 |
5 | Quick bread and bread products | 1.9 | 5 | Sugars/Candies | 6.1 |
6 | Quick bread and bread products | 4.6 | |||
7 | Infant foods | 4.4 | |||
8 | Fruit Juices and drinks | 3.4 | |||
9 | Dried legumes and legume products | 1.8 | |||
10 | Vegetable protein drinks | 1.1 | |||
11 | Others 2 | 0.9 |
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Liu, Y.; Cheng, J.; Wan, L.; Chen, W. Total and Added Sugar Intakes Are Increasing among Children and Adolescents in China: Findings from CHNS 1997–2011. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163340
Liu Y, Cheng J, Wan L, Chen W. Total and Added Sugar Intakes Are Increasing among Children and Adolescents in China: Findings from CHNS 1997–2011. Nutrients. 2022; 14(16):3340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163340
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yan, Jing Cheng, Lijin Wan, and Wei Chen. 2022. "Total and Added Sugar Intakes Are Increasing among Children and Adolescents in China: Findings from CHNS 1997–2011" Nutrients 14, no. 16: 3340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163340
APA StyleLiu, Y., Cheng, J., Wan, L., & Chen, W. (2022). Total and Added Sugar Intakes Are Increasing among Children and Adolescents in China: Findings from CHNS 1997–2011. Nutrients, 14(16), 3340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163340