Vitamin A Nutritional Status of Urban Lactating Chinese Women and Its Associated Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Sampling
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Dietary Data
2.2.2. Blood and Breast Milk Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis
2.2.3. Anthropometric Measurements and Assessments
2.2.4. Other Covariates
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. DVA, SVA, and BMVA Status
3.2. Dietary Sources of VA
3.3. DVA, SVA, and BMVA among Lactating Women with Different Characteristics
3.4. Associations among DVA, SVA, and BMVA
4. Discussion
4.1. VA Intake of Urban Lactating Chinese Women
4.2. SVA and BMVA of Urban Lactating Chinese Women
4.3. Related Factors of SVA and BMVA of Urban Lactating Chinese Women
4.4. Associations among DVA, SVA, and BMVA of Urban Lactating Chinese Women
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | n (%) | DVA | pa | SVA | pa | BMVA | pa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||||||
≤30 | 177 (54.3) | 373.69 (208.89, 614.95) | 0.781 | 1.94 (1.66, 2.32) | 0.090 | 1.62 (1.07, 2.09) | 0.109 |
>30 | 149 (45.7) | 366.73 (212.45, 629.67) | 2.04 (1.76, 2.40) | 1.68 (1.23, 2.36) | |||
College or university | |||||||
No | 74 (22.7) | 350.63 (188.89, 597.49) | 0.538 | 2.00 (1.75, 2.40) | 0.405 | 1.68 (1.31, 2.27) | 0.471 |
Yes | 252 (77.3) | 381.75 (210.50, 629.96) | 1.99 (1.70, 2.34) | 1.67 (1.08, 2.13) | |||
Family monthly per capita income (Chinese yuan) | |||||||
<5000 | 129 (39.6) | 363.10 (198.61, 644.87) | 0.955 | 2.01 (1.77, 2.35) | 0.736 | 1.54 (1.08, 2.06) | 0.288 |
5000~9999 | 137 (42.0) | 391.56 (219.68, 603.55) | 1.98 (1.70, 2.35) | 1.72 (1.14, 2.25) | |||
≥10,000 | 60 (18.4) | 365.11 (217.56, 603.99) | 1.95 (1.69, 2.35) | 1.68 (1.16, 2.35) | |||
Parity | |||||||
1 | 227 (69.6) | 398.40 (213.20, 606.15) | 0.964 | 1.98 (1.70, 2.32) | 0.068 | 1.72 (1.18, 2.13) | 0.177 |
≥2 | 99 (30.4) | 351.08 (196.90, 650.04) | 2.05 (1.76, 2.44) | 1.53 (0.97, 2.20) | |||
Delivery mode | |||||||
Cesarean delivery | 127 (39.0) | 391.56 (175.60, 630.35) | 0.872 | 1.99 (1.69, 2.35) | 0.452 | 1.60 (1.06, 2.15) | 0.613 |
Vaginal delivery | 199 (61.0) | 364.32 (222.96, 611.58) | 1.99 (1.73, 2.35) | 1.71 (1.25, 2.20) | |||
BMI | |||||||
Underweight or normal weight | 206 (63.2) | 409.39 (248.07, 644.65) | 0.022 | 1.97 (1.70, 2.32) | 0.030 | 1.73 (1.29, 2.27) | 0.003 |
Overweight or obese | 120 (36.8) | 334.92 (163.73, 586.56) | 2.10 (1.77, 2.47) | 1.51 (1.03, 1.89) | |||
GWG (kg) | |||||||
Insufficient or appropriate | 169 (52.2) | 437.19 (244.42, 649.19) | 0.072 | 1.99 (1.73, 2.35) | 0.738 | 1.70 (1.16, 2.21) | 0.362 |
Excessive | 155 (47.8) | 336.35 (189.80, 600.09) | 1.99 (1.70, 2.35) | 1.58 (1.08, 2.13) | |||
Physical activities | |||||||
Low | 141 (43.3) | 353.02 (207.41, 582.37) | 0.515 | 2.02 (1.76, 2.38) | 0.334 | 1.70 (1.07, 2.17) | 0.868 |
Medium | 92 (28.2) | 409.39 (218.99, 649.59) | 1.95 (1.67, 2.31) | 1.60 (1.09, 2.11) | |||
High | 93 (28.5) | 411.49 (193.40, 635.16) | 1.99 (1.68, 2.36) | 1.69 (1.24, 2.18) | |||
VA supplements | |||||||
No | 287 (88.0) | 391.56 (209.41, 620.18) | 0.272 | 1.98 (1.70, 2.35) | 0.090 | 1.66 (1.13, 2.13) | 0.602 |
Yes | 39 (12.0) | 311.05 (196.90, 619.65) | 2.13 (1.82, 2.60) | 1.77 (1.08, 2.36) | |||
Infant sex | |||||||
Boy | 165 (50.6) | 364.32 (181.70, 600.66) | 0.336 | 1.98 (1.74, 2.33) | 0.411 | 1.72 (1.28, 2.13) | 0.187 |
Girl | 161 (49.4) | 398.40 (222.23, 631.16) | 2.01 (1.69, 2.39) | 1.54 (1.05, 2.23) | |||
Infant age (days) | |||||||
30~60 | 226 (69.3) | 373.40 (207.88, 610.58) | 0.984 | 1.98 (1.67, 2.35) | 0.210 | 1.68 (1.16, 2.21) | 0.189 |
60~90 | 100 (30.7) | 365.11 (215.64, 647.15) | 2.03 (1.77, 2.37) | 1.57 (1.07, 2.04) |
Characteristics | BMVA | pa | |
---|---|---|---|
<1.05 μmol/L, n (%) | ≥1.05 μmol/L, n (%) | ||
n | 67 | 259 | |
Age (years) | |||
≤30 | 41 (23.2) | 136 (76.8) | 0.203 |
>30 | 26 (17.4) | 123 (82.6) | |
College or university | |||
No | 13 (17.6) | 61 (82.4) | 0.470 |
Yes | 54 (21.4) | 198 (78.6) | |
Family monthly per capita income (Chinese yuan) | |||
<5000 | 28 (21.7) | 101 (78.3) | 0.367 |
5000~9999 | 30 (21.9) | 107 (78.1) | |
≥10,000 | 9 (15.0) | 51 (85.0) | |
Parity | |||
1 | 39 (17.2) | 188 (82.8) | 0.023 |
≥2 | 28 (28.3) | 71 (71.7) | |
Delivery mode | |||
Cesarean delivery | 28 (22.0) | 99 (78.0) | 0.594 |
Vaginal delivery | 39 (19.6) | 160 (80.4) | |
BMI | |||
Underweight or normal weight | 35 (17.0) | 171 (83.0) | 0.037 |
Overweight or obese | 32 (26.7) | 88 (73.3) | |
GWG (kg) | |||
Insufficient or appropriate | 33 (19.5) | 136 (80.5) | 0.694 |
Excessive | 33 (21.3) | 122 (78.7) | |
Physical activities | |||
Low | 33 (23.4) | 108 (76.6) | 0.182 |
Medium | 19 (20.7) | 73 (79.3) | |
High | 15 (16.1) | 78 (83.9) | |
VA supplements | |||
No | 59 (20.6) | 228 (79.4) | 0.995 |
Yes | 8 (20.5) | 31 (79.5) | |
Infant sex | |||
Boy | 29 (17.6) | 136 (82.4) | 0.178 |
Girl | 38 (23.6) | 123 (76.4) | |
Infant age (days) | |||
30~60 | 46 (20.4) | 180 (79.6) | 0.894 |
60~90 | 21 (21.0) | 79 (79.0) |
β | SE | p | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
With VA supplements | ||||
DVA | 0.034 | 0.341 | 0.921 | (−0.660, 0.728) |
Without VA supplements | ||||
DVA | 0.174 | 0.076 | 0.022 | (0.025, 0.324) |
β | SE | p | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
With VA supplements | ||||
DVA a | −0.432 | 0.398 | 0.285 | (−1.241, 0.376) |
SVA b | 0.026 | 0.036 | 0.469 | (−0.046, 0.098) |
Without VA supplements | ||||
DVA a | 0.501 | 0.149 | 0.001 | (0.208, 0.795) |
SVA b | 0.136 | 0.116 | 0.244 | (−0.093, 0.364) |
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Yang, C.; Zhao, A.; Ren, Z.; Zhang, J.; Wang, P.; Zhang, Y. Vitamin A Nutritional Status of Urban Lactating Chinese Women and Its Associated Factors. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3184. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153184
Yang C, Zhao A, Ren Z, Zhang J, Wang P, Zhang Y. Vitamin A Nutritional Status of Urban Lactating Chinese Women and Its Associated Factors. Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3184. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153184
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chenlu, Ai Zhao, Zhongxia Ren, Jian Zhang, Peiyu Wang, and Yumei Zhang. 2022. "Vitamin A Nutritional Status of Urban Lactating Chinese Women and Its Associated Factors" Nutrients 14, no. 15: 3184. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153184