Sodium Content in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Italy: How Far Are We from the Global Benchmarks?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Food Product Selection
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Number and Types of Included Products
3.2. Comparison of Sodium Content in Food Subcategories and Benchmarks
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Margherita Dall’Asta | Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy |
Gaetana Paolella | Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy |
Marika Dello Russo | Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy |
Stefania Moccia, | Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy |
Carmela Spagnuolo | Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy |
Daniele Nucci | Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy |
Veronica Pignone | Freelance Nutritionist, San Giorgio del Sannio, Italy |
Emilia Ruggiero | Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy |
Alice Rosi | Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Italy |
Giorgia Vici | School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy |
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Items with Sodium Content above the Benchmark | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subcategories and Types | Total Number of Items | Salt Content (g/100 g) * | Sodium Content (mg Na/100 g) * | Benchmark (mg Na/100 g) ** | n | % |
Cookies/sweet biscuits | 753 | 0.54 (0.37–0.75) | 220 (150–300) | 265 | 254 | 34 |
Tea cookies | 254 | 0.60 (0.40–0.75) | 240 (160–300) | 93 | 37 | |
Short-bread biscuits | 346 | 0.61 (0.48–0.75) | 246 (192–300) | 142 | 41 | |
Cream-filled wafer | 77 | 0.31 (0.25–0.38) | 124 (100–152) | 1 | 1 | |
Covered and/or sandwich cookies | 76 | 0.48 (0.30–0.63) | 190 (118–250) | 18 | 24 | |
Cakes and sponges | 280 | 0.53 (0.39–0.73) | 209 (152–290) | 205 | 143 | 51 |
Cream-filled sponge cake | 74 | 0.37 (0.30–0.50) | 146 (120–200) | 15 | 20 | |
Yogurt plumcake and muffin | 126 | 0.67 (0.51–0.82) | 274 (204–336) | 91 | 72 | |
Sponge cake | 74 | 0.51 (0.41–0.71) | 200 (164–284) | 35 | 47 | |
Cream-filled and/or covered chilled snack | 6 | 0.23 (0.19–0.55) | 92 (78–219) | 2 | 33 | |
Pies and pastries | 107 | 0.36 (0.25–0.50) | 150 (100–200) | 120 | 64 | 60 |
Cream/jam-filled pies | 61 | 0.41 (0.32–0.55) | 164 (128–220) | 46 | 75 | |
Italian traditional pastries | 27 | 0.20 (0.13–0.30) | 80 (52–120) | 6 | 22 | |
Other pastries | 19 | 0.38 (0.18–0.64) | 150 (72–256) | 12 | 63 | |
Crackers/savory biscuits | 808 | 1.80 (1.20–2.25) | 720 (480–900) | 600 | 490 | 61 |
Crackers | 183 | 1.90 (1.50–2.25) | 760 (600–900) | 135 | 74 | |
Breadsticks | 193 | 2.00 (1.80–2.30) | 800 (720–920) | 176 | 91 | |
Rice and corn cakes | 142 | 0.50 (0.30–1.00) | 200 (120–400) | 8 | 6 | |
Taralli | 99 | 2.30 (2.10–2.50) | 920 (840–1000) | 92 | 93 | |
Croutons, bruschetta and “frisella” bread | 96 | 1.80 (1.47–2.50) | 720 (588–1000) | 67 | 70 | |
Rusks | 95 | 1.25 (1.00–1.50) | 500 (400–600) | 12 | 13 | |
Minimally processed breakfast cereals | 49 | 0.01 (0.00–0.03) | 4 (1–12) | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Muesli | 1 | 0.02 (0.02–0.02) | 8 (8–8) | 0 | 0 | |
Flakes | 19 | 0.01 (0.00–0.03) | 4 (1–12) | 0 | 0 | |
Bran cereals | 10 | 0.03 (0.00–0.07) | 10 (0–28) | 0 | 0 | |
Puffed cereals | 18 | 0.01 (0.00–0.01) | 4 (0–4) | 0 | 0 | |
Other cereals | 1 | 0.03 (0.03–0.03) | 12 (12–12) | 0 | 0 | |
Highly processed breakfast cereals | 271 | 0.63 (0.30–1.00) | 252 (120–400) | 280 | 122 | 45 |
Muesli | 67 | 0.30 (0.11–0.53) | 120 (44–212) | 4 | 6 | |
Flakes | 107 | 0.90 (0.48–1.30) | 360 (192–520) | 77 | 72 | |
Bran cereals | 11 | 1.20 (0.59–1.30) | 480 (236–520) | 8 | 73 | |
Puffed cereals | 20 | 0.47 (0.02–1.00) | 186 (6–400) | 7 | 35 | |
Other cereals | 66 | 0.59 (0.38–0.79) | 236 (152–316) | 26 | 39 | |
Sweet and raisin breads | 168 | 0.57 (0.46–0.73) | 228 (184–292) | 310 | 25 | 15 |
Leavened bread | 337 | 1.27 (1.13–1.40) | 508 (452–560) | 330 | 310 | 92 |
Loaf bread | 95 | 1.25 (0.93–1.50) | 500 (372–600) | 76 | 80 | |
Rolls | 70 | 1.30 (1.20–1.30) | 520 (480–520) | 69 | 99 | |
Sliced bread | 172 | 1.25 (1.17–1.40) | 500 (468–560) | 165 | 96 | |
Flatbreads | 144 | 1.67 (1.50–2.00) | 666 (600–800) | 320 | 141 | 98 |
Subcategories | Branded n (%) | Private Label n (%) | Organic n (%) | Conventional n (%) | Gluten Free n (%) | Gluten Containing n (%) | with NC n (%) | without NC n (%) | with HC n (%) | without HC n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cookies/sweet biscuits | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | 158 (34) | 96 (33) | 23 (26) | 231 (35) | 11 (22) | 243 (35) | 103 (49) | 151 (28) | 1 (13) | 253 (24) |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 307 (66) | 192 (67) | 66 (74) | 433 (65) | 38 (78) | 461 (65) | 109 (51) | 390 (72) | 7 (87) | 492 (76) |
Cakes and sponges | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | 67 (41) | 77 (66) | 14 (64) | 130 (50) | 17 (55) | 127 (51) | 28 (60) | 116 (50) | 0 (0) | 144 (52) |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 98 (59) | 39 (34) | 8 (36) | 129 (50) | 14 (45) | 123 (49) | 19 (40) | 118 (50) | 2 (100) | 135 (48) |
Pies and pastries | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | 32 (59) | 32 (60) | 6 (86) | 58 (58) | 2 (100) | 62 (59) | 7 (78) | 57 (58) | 0 (0) | 64 (60) |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 22 (41) | 21 (40) | 1 (14) | 42 (42) | 0 (0) | 43 (41) | 2 (22) | 41 (42) | 0 (0) | 43 (40) |
Crackers/savory biscuits | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | 290 (59) | 200 (63) | 48 (25) | 442 (71) | 25 (18) | 465 (70) | 121 (42) | 369 (71) | 23 (58) | 467 (61) |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 200 (41) | 118 (37) | 141 (75) | 177 (29) | 114 (82) | 204 (30) | 169 (58) | 149 (29) | 17 (42) | 301 (39) |
Minimally processed breakfast cereals | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 28 (100) | 21 (100) | 36 (100) | 13 (100) | 1 (100) | 48 (100) | 33 (100) | 16 (100) | 8 (100) | 41 (100) |
Highly processed breakfast cereals | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | 54 (46) | 68 (44) | 25 (40) | 97 (46) | 9 (64) | 113 (44) | 91 (47) | 31 (39) | 27 (60) | 95 (42) |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 64 (54) | 85 (56) | 37 (60) | 112 (54) | 5 (36) | 144 (56) | 101 (53) | 48 (61) | 18 (40) | 131 (58) |
Sweet and raisin breads | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | 10 (12) | 15 (18) | 3 (60) | 22 (13) | 0 (0) | 25 (15) | 1 (4) | 24 (17) | 0 (0) | 25 (15) |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 74 (88) | 69 (82) | 2 (40) | 141 (87) | 1 (100) | 142 (85) | 27 (86) | 116 (83) | 2 (100) | 141 (85) |
Leavened bread | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | 34 (79) | 276 (94) | 176 (90) | 134 (95) | 30 (91) | 280 (92) | 75 (81) | 235 (96) | 2 (100) | 308 (92) |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 9 (21) | 18 (6) | 20 (10) | 7 (5) | 3 (9) | 24 (8) | 18 (19) | 9 (4) | 0 (0) | 27 (8) |
Flatbreads | ||||||||||
Na above the benchmark | 32 (94) | 109 (99) | 95 (97) | 46 (100) | 5 (100) | 136 (98) | 12 (86) | 129 (99) | 2 (100) | 139 (98) |
Na equal or below the benchmark | 2 (6) | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 2 (14) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) |
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Martini, D.; Strazzullo, P.; Serafini, M.; Porrini, M.; Pellegrini, N.; Angelino, D., on behalf of the SINU Young Working. Sodium Content in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Italy: How Far Are We from the Global Benchmarks? Nutrients 2022, 14, 3088. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153088
Martini D, Strazzullo P, Serafini M, Porrini M, Pellegrini N, Angelino D on behalf of the SINU Young Working. Sodium Content in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Italy: How Far Are We from the Global Benchmarks? Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3088. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153088
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartini, Daniela, Pasquale Strazzullo, Mauro Serafini, Marisa Porrini, Nicoletta Pellegrini, and Donato Angelino on behalf of the SINU Young Working. 2022. "Sodium Content in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Italy: How Far Are We from the Global Benchmarks?" Nutrients 14, no. 15: 3088. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153088