Healthful Plant-Based Diet and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Plant-Based Diet Index Score
2.3. Ascertainment of Type 2 Diabetes
2.4. Assessment of Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PDI | hPDI | uPDI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | |
Sample size, n | 1451 | 1438 | 1506 | 1452 | 1586 | 1186 |
Median score (range) | 44 (31–46) | 58 (56–69) | 43 (28–45) | 59 (57–74) | 43 (29–46) | 62 (60–76) |
Female, n (%) | 673 (46.4) | 875 (60.9) | 542 (36.0) | 1033 (71.1) | 1014 (63.9) | 581 (49.0) |
Age, years | 49.7 (8.4) | 53.8 (8.9) | 49.2 (8.2) | 54.2 (8.7) | 49.1 (7.8) | 55.4 (8.9) |
Residential location, n (%) | ||||||
Rural, Ansung | 618 (42.6) | 830 (57.7) | 496 (32.9) | 834 (57.4) | 394 (24.8) | 939 (79.2) |
Urban, Ansan | 833 (57.4) | 608 (42.3) | 1010 (67.1) | 618 (42.6) | 1192 (75.2) | 247 (20.8) |
Education level, n (%) | ||||||
≤6 years | 334 (23.0) | 607 (42.2) | 315 (20.9) | 616 (42.4) | 233 (14.7) | 627 (52.9) |
7–12 years | 842 (58.0) | 709 (49.3) | 886 (58.8) | 716 (49.3) | 1009 (63.6) | 499 (42.1) |
>12 years | 275 (19.0) | 122 (8.5) | 305 (20.3) | 120 (8.3) | 344 (21.7) | 60 (5.0) |
Cigarette smoking (pack-year) | 9.5 (14.9) | 8.4 (15.6) * | 12.6 (16.4) | 5.7 (13.1) | 6.3 (13.1) | 11.0 (17.1) |
Alcohol intake (g/day) | 11.8 (23.1) | 7.1 (20.1) | 13.7 (26.3) | 5.7 (17.8) | 8.7 (20.7) | 8.4 (19.0) |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.4 (3.0) | 24.8 (3.2) | 24.5 (3.1) | 24.8 (3.3) | 24.7 (3.0) | 24.3 (3.2) |
Physical activity (MET/day) | 21.7 (14.3) | 25.9 (15.6) | 21.7 (14.0) | 24.8 (15.5) | 20.2 (12.0) | 27.2 (16.8) |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 179 (12.3) | 140 (9.7) * | 160 (10.6) | 143 (9.9) * | 223 (14.1) | 91 (7.7) |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 151 (10.4) | 227 (15.8) | 160 (10.6) | 282 (19.4) | 200 (12.6) | 203 (17.1) |
PDI | hPDI | uPDI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | |
Total energy intake, kcal/day | 2048 (676) | 1836 (584) | 2016 (594) | 1850 (617) | 2064 (584) | 1717 (584) |
Food group intake (servings/1000 kcal/week) | ||||||
Whole grain | 4.6 (4.4) | 7.0 (4.5) | 2.5 (3.2) | 9.9 (3.7) | 7.5 (3.5) | 3.6 (4.5) |
Fruits | 8.2 (7.0) | 13.2 (8.3) | 7.4 (5.3) | 13.7 (9.2) | 14.0 (7.7) | 7.0 (6.7) |
Vegetables | 11.9 (6.7) | 18.2 (8.4) | 13.5 (6.4) | 16.1 (9.3) | 18.5 (8.0) | 10.6 (6.4) |
Nuts | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.0 (0.2) |
Legumes | 1.7 (1.5) | 3.8 (3.0) | 1.9 (1.6) | 3.7 (3.0) | 3.3 (2.0) | 1.7 (2.2) |
Tea and coffee | 4.3 (3.8) | 6.5 (4.9) | 6.2 (4.7) | 4.6 (4.4) | 6.4 (4.4) | 3.9 (4.8) |
Refined grains | 3.3 (4.6) | 1.8 (2.9) | 4.7 (5.0) | 0.9 (1.6) | 1.0 (1.7) | 4.6 (5.4) |
Potatoes | 0.6 (0.6) | 1.3 (1.2) | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.9 (0.9) | 0.9 (1.5) * |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.7 (1.0) | 1.1 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.6 (1.0) * |
Sweets and desserts | 3.4 (3.0) | 4.8 (3.8) | 5.6 (3.5) | 2.6 (2.9) | 3.9 (2.9) | 3.8 (4.2) * |
Salty foods | 11.6 (6.2) | 19.6 (8.2) | 16.0 (7.5) | 15.2 (8.3) | 13.3 (6.2) | 18.8 (9.3) |
Animal fat | 3.5 (3.8) | 3.5 (4.4) * | 5.3 (4.3) | 1.9 (3.2) | 4.1 (3.9) | 2.8 (4.3) |
Dairy | 3.4 (2.7) | 1.8 (2.1) | 3.0 (2.3) | 2.1 (2.5) | 3.8 (2.6) | 1.3 (1.9) |
Eggs | 1.1 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.8) | 1.1 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.9) | 0.4 (0.7) |
Fish | 4.7 (2.7) | 3.7 (2.9) | 5.0 (2.7) | 3.5 (3.1) | 5.9 (2.9) | 2.0 (1.7) |
Meat | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.4 (0.5) | 1.2 (1.3) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.8) |
Miscellaneous animal foods | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) |
Healthy plant foods | 30.8 (12.0) | 48.9 (13.6) | 31.7 (10.8) | 48.3 (14.7) | 50.2 (12.5) | 26.8 (10.7) |
Less healthy plant foods | 19.5 (8.4) | 28.2 (9.7) | 28.3 (9.9) | 19.7 (8.8) | 19.7 (6.9) | 28.8 (11.9) |
Animal foods | 13.8 (5.7) | 10.1 (5.7) | 15.8 (5.5) | 8.5 (5.3) | 15.8 (5.0) | 7.0 (4.9) |
Model | PDI | hPDI | uPDI |
---|---|---|---|
Median (SD) | 51 (5.2) | 51 (6.4) | 52 (7.0) |
Model 1 | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
Model 2 | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) |
Healthful Plant-Based Diet Index | p Interaction | |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Men | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) * | 0.85 |
Women | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | |
Baseline body mass index | ||
≥25 kg/m2 | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.19 |
<25 kg/m2 | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | |
Family history of T2D | ||
Yes | 0.58 (0.44–0.76) | 0.01 |
No | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | |
History of hypertension | ||
Yes | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) | 0.04 |
No | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) |
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Kim, J.; Giovannucci, E. Healthful Plant-Based Diet and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Population. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153078
Kim J, Giovannucci E. Healthful Plant-Based Diet and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Population. Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153078
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jihye, and Edward Giovannucci. 2022. "Healthful Plant-Based Diet and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Population" Nutrients 14, no. 15: 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153078