Association between Obesity and Intake of Different Food Groups among Japanese with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study (JDDM68)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men (n = 1280) | Women (n = 790) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI < 25.0 (n = 625) | BMI ≥ 25.0 (n = 655) | p | BMI < 25.0 (n = 400) | BMI ≥ 25.0 (n = 390) | p | |
Age (years) | 64.6 ± 10.5 | 57.3 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | 67.7 ± 10.8 | 60.6 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 1.8 | 28.8 ± 3.6 | <0.001 | 21.7 ± 2.2 | 29.6 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 12.8 ± 8.2 | 10.6 ± 7.1 | <0.001 | 12.4 ± 8.3 | 11.1 ± 7.4 | 0.057 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 15 | 129 ± 15 | 0.043 | 126 ± 18 | 126 ± 14 | 0.846 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108 ± 25 | 106 ± 28 | 0.154 | 117 ± 36 | 107 ± 28 | 0.102 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57 ± 17 | 50 ± 13 | <0.001 | 64 ± 16 | 57 ± 14 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 157 ± 131 | 192 ± 158 | <0.001 | 133 ± 82 | 166 ± 103 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 0.196 |
Current smoking (%) | 23.4 | 26.4 | 0.009 | 5.5 | 9.7 | 0.072 |
Drinking alcohol (%) | 63.5 | 56.9 | 0.016 | 25.8 | 24.9 | 0.777 |
Energy intake (kcal) | 1817 ± 425 | 1863 ± 475 | 0.238 | 1682 ± 334 | 1685 ± 402 | 0.940 |
Protein (% energy) | 14.9 ± 2.2 | 14.4 ± 2.3 | 0.001 | 15.7 ± 2.1 | 14.9 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
Fat (% energy) | 28.8 ± 5.3 | 29.7 ± 5.7 | 0.001 | 30 ± 4.9 | 30.5 ± 5 | 0.105 |
Carbohydrate (% energy) | 56.3 ± 6.5 | 55.8 ± 7.1 | 0.050 | 54.3 ± 5.7 | 54.6 ± 5.9 | 0.720 |
Treated by OHA and/or GLP-1RA (%) | 77.0 | 79.5 | 0.314 | 74.4 | 81.1 | 0.044 |
Treated by insulin (%) | 24.5 | 27.2 | 0.324 | 29.6 | 30.8 | 0.755 |
Physical activity (METs h/w) † | 19.8 (8.5–44.2) | 13.2 (4.4–33.3) | <0.001 | 14.3 (6.6–27.1) | 11.6 (4.0–26.5) | 0.025 |
Men (n = 1280) | Women (n = 790) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI < 25.0 (n = 625) | BMI ≥ 25.0 (n = 655) | p | BMI < 25.0 (n = 400) | BMI ≥ 25.0 (n = 390) | p | |
Grains (g) | 371 ± 120 | 380 ± 124 | 0.225 | 325 ± 84 | 332 ± 90 | 0.093 |
Rice (g) | 263 ± 125 | 277 ± 128 | 0.024 | 233 ± 97 | 238 ± 105 | 0.367 |
Bread (g) | 39 ± 36 | 34 ± 37 | 0.003 | 40 ± 31 | 36 ± 30 | 0.036 |
Noodles (g) | 69 ± 58 | 70 ± 59 | 0.762 | 52 ± 48 | 58 ± 51 | 0.130 |
Potato (g) | 26 ± 26 | 23 ± 25 | 0.036 | 36 ± 30 | 32 ± 28 | 0.039 |
Total vegetables (g) | 236 ± 115 | 204 ± 109 | <0.001 | 276 ± 109 | 239 ± 116 | <0.001 |
Green-yellow vegetables (g) | 82 ± 45 | 68 ± 43 | <0.001 | 98 ± 45 | 83 ± 46 | <0.001 |
Other vegetables (g) | 155 ± 79 | 137 ± 77 | <0.001 | 178 ± 73 | 156 ± 79 | <0.001 |
Fruits (g) | 85 ± 68 | 69 ± 73 | <0.001 | 106 ± 69 | 88 ± 71 | <0.001 |
Seaweed (g) | 4.8 ± 3.5 | 4.2 ± 3.4 | 0.002 | 5.4 ± 3.7 | 5.0 ± 4.5 | 0.006 |
Fish/Seafood (g) | 78 ± 46 | 71 ± 47 | 0.003 | 78 ± 41 | 65 ± 38 | <0.001 |
Meat/Processed Meat (g) | 76 ± 48 | 90 ± 54 | <0.001 | 67 ± 40 | 75 ± 48 | 0.046 |
Eggs (g) | 28 ± 19 | 29 ± 21 | 0.411 | 25 ± 16 | 26 ± 17 | 0.589 |
Soybeans/Soy products (g) | 63 ± 43 | 56 ± 42 | 0.001 | 71 ± 42 | 63 ± 42 | 0.004 |
Milk/Dairy product (g) | 138 ± 108 | 125 ± 112 | 0.004 | 151 ± 95 | 130 ± 98 | <0.001 |
Milk (g) | 86 ± 94 | 78 ± 95 | 0.112 | 89 ± 78 | 78 ± 85 | 0.013 |
Other dairy products (g) | 52 ± 42 | 47 ± 42 | 0.007 | 62 ± 45 | 51 ± 40 | 0.001 |
Sugar (g) | 7.1 ± 5.5 | 6.4 ± 5.5 | 0.003 | 9.1 ± 5.5 | 7.7 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
Nuts and seeds (g) | 3.6 ± 5.8 | 3.2 ± 6.4 | 0.124 | 4.2 ± 6 | 2.8 ± 5.2 | 0.002 |
Fats and oils (g) | 12.3 ± 7.7 | 12.6 ± 7.6 | 0.437 | 11.2 ± 7.6 | 11.9 ± 7.4 | 0.137 |
Seasonings and spices (g) | 23 ± 12.4 | 24.2 ± 12.8 | 0.088 | 19.7 ± 10 | 19.9 ± 11 | 0.967 |
Sweets (g) | 42 ± 41 | 53 ± 42 | <0.001 | 45 ± 36 | 58 ± 44 | <0.001 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages (g) | 43 ± 107 | 63 ± 117 | <0.001 | 15 ± 41 | 27 ± 75 | <0.001 |
Alcoholic beverages (g) | 133.9 ± 151.5 | 119.2 ± 160.9 | 0.013 | 23.3 ± 59.2 | 24.3 ± 63.8 | 0.822 |
Quartile 1 (Low) | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 (High) | p for Trend | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grains | Range (g) | <317 | <384 | <428 | ≥428 | |
reference | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) | 0.79 (0.51–1.24) | 0.387 | ||
Rice | Range (g) | <193 | <270 | <347 | ≥347 | |
reference | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 1.10 (0.75–1.61) | 0.93 (0.63–1.38) | 0.805 | ||
Bread | Range (g) | <4 | <26 | <60 | ≥60 | |
reference | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) | 0.070 | ||
Noodles | Range (g) | <26 | <51 | <103 | ≥103 | |
reference | 1.94 (1.24–3.04) | 1.54 (1.03–2.29) | 1.73 (1.14–2.61) | 0.058 | ||
Potato | Range (g) | <7 | <14 | <36 | ≥36 | |
reference | 1.33 (0.82–2.18) | 0.81 (0.56–1.16) | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) | 0.197 | ||
Total vegetables | Range (g) | <136 | <205 | <296 | ≥296 | |
reference | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | 0.65 (0.44–0.96) | 0.44 (0.29–0.65) | <0.001 | ||
Green-yellow vegetables | Range (g) | <43 | <71 | <100 | ≥100 | |
reference | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 0.66 (0.44–1.01) | 0.46 (0.31–0.68) | <0.001 | ||
Other vegetables | Range (g) | <86 | <134 | <200 | ≥200 | |
reference | 0.92 (0.64–1.34) | 0.69 (0.47–1.01) | 0.53 (0.36–0.78) | 0.001 | ||
Fruits | Range (g) | <21 | <64 | <150 | ≥150 | |
reference | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 0.60 (0.40–0.90) | 0.52 (0.34–0.79) | 0.001 | ||
Seaweed | Range (g) | <1.4 | <4.3 | <6.4 | ≥6.4 | |
reference | 1.07 (0.69–1.66) | 0.89 (0.56–1.43) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 0.145 | ||
Fish/Seafood | Range (g) | <43 | <69 | <97 | ≥97 | |
reference | 0.80 (0.55–1.18) | 0.68 (0.47–1.00) | 0.73 (0.49–1.10) | 0.093 | ||
Meat/Processed Meat | Range (g) | <46 | <74 | <114 | ≥114 | |
reference | 0.91 (0.62–1.32) | 1.02 (0.68–1.52) | 1.02 (0.66–1.59) | 0.789 | ||
Eggs | Range (g) | <14 | <21 | <43 | ≥43 | |
reference | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | 1.03 (0.71–1.52) | 0.82 (0.54–1.24) | 0.503 | ||
Soybeans/Soy products | Range (g) | <30 | <50 | <80 | ≥80 | |
reference | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | 0.65 (0.44–0.96) | 0.020 | ||
Milk/Dairy product | Range (g) | <49 | <109 | <197 | ≥197 | |
reference | 1.33 (0.92–1.93) | 1.14 (0.78–1.68) | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.263 | ||
Milk | Range (g) | <3 | <73 | <170 | ≥170 | |
reference | 1.58 (1.07–2.32) | 1.59 (1.09–2.32) | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.987 | ||
Other dairy product | Range (g) | <18 | <43 | <70 | ≥70 | |
reference | 1.00 (0.69–1.46) | 0.77 (0.52–1.12) | 0.70 (0.47–1.06) | 0.042 | ||
Sugar | Range (g) | <2.8 | <5.4 | <9.5 | ≥9.5 | |
reference | 0.81 (0.55–1.18) | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | 0.98 (0.64–1.49) | 0.894 | ||
Nuts and seeds | Range (g) | <0.1 | <1.1 | <3.6 | ≥3.6 | |
reference | 0.65 (0.44–0.96) | 0.92 (0.62–1.39) | 0.78 (0.50–1.20) | 0.787 | ||
Fats and oils | Range (g) | <6.9 | <11.3 | <16.9 | ≥16.9 | |
reference | 0.97 (0.66–1.41) | 1.05 (0.71–1.54) | 0.69 (0.46–1.04) | 0.128 | ||
Seasoning and spices | Range (g) | <15.8 | <22.1 | <29.6 | ≥29.6 | |
reference | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | 1.37 (0.93–2.01) | 1.40 (0.92–2.11) | 0.032 | ||
Sweets | Range (g) | <17 | <38 | <67 | ≥67 | |
reference | 1.29 (0.88–1.90) | 1.84 (1.25–2.71) | 2.58 (1.69–3.94) | <0.001 | ||
Sugar-sweetened beverages | Range (g) | <5 | <50 | <143 | ≥143 | |
reference | 1.53 (1.03–2.27) | 1.96 (1.31–2.93) | 2.35 (1.50–3.68) | <0.001 | ||
Alcoholic beverages | Range (g) | <10.7 | <128.6 | <300.0 | ≥300.0 | |
reference | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | 0.66 (0.45–0.96) | 0.85 (0.59–1.20) | 0.876 |
Quartile 1 (Low) | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 (High) | p for Trend | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grains | Range (g) | <279 | <336 | <390 | ≥390 | |
reference | 0.70 (0.43–1.16) | 1.25 (0.75–2.08) | 0.92 (0.55–1.55) | 0.679 | ||
Rice | Range (g) | <174 | <231 | <309 | ≥309 | |
reference | 0.61 (0.36–1.03) | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | 0.93 (0.56–1.54) | 0.947 | ||
Bread | Range (g) | <9 | <34 | <60 | ≥60 | |
reference | 0.53 (0.31–0.90) | 0.63 (0.36–1.11) | 0.53 (0.31–0.90) | 0.088 | ||
Noodles | Range (g) | <26 | <51 | <77 | ≥77 | |
reference | 1.22 (0.72–2.05) | 1.10 (0.65–1.86) | 1.38 (0.87–2.19) | 0.221 | ||
Potato | Range (g) | <14 | <29 | <43 | ≥43 | |
reference | 0.90 (0.54–1.52) | 0.91 (0.52–1.58) | 0.92 (0.55–1.53) | 0.797 | ||
Total vegetables | Range (g) | <171 | <252 | <340 | ≥340 | |
reference | 0.50 (0.31–0.83) | 0.51 (0.31–0.85) | 0.38 (0.23–0.64) | 0.001 | ||
Green-yellow vegetables | Range (g) | <57 | <86 | <125 | ≥125 | |
reference | 0.96 (0.59–1.57) | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | 0.49 (0.29–0.80) | 0.001 | ||
Other vegetables | Range (g) | <110 | <163 | <223 | ≥223 | |
reference | 0.53 (0.32–0.87) | 0.49 (0.29–0.81) | 0.39 (0.24–0.65) | <0.001 | ||
Fruits | Range (g) | <32 | <86 | <150 | ≥150 | |
reference | 0.99 (0.60–1.63) | 1.74 (0.93–3.25) | 0.63 (0.38–1.05) | 0.078 | ||
Seaweed | Range (g) | <2.1 | <4.3 | <7.1 | ≥7.1 | |
reference | 0.70 (0.42–1.18) | 1.00 (0.59–1.68) | 0.68 (0.41–1.14) | 0.325 | ||
Fish/Seafood | Range (g) | <44 | <66 | <95 | ≥95 | |
reference | 0.68 (0.42–1.11) | 0.78 (0.47–1.29) | 0.51 (0.30–0.88) | 0.036 | ||
Meat/Processed Meat | Range (g) | <40 | <63 | <91 | ≥91 | |
reference | 1.18 (0.73–1.91) | 0.80 (0.48–1.33) | 1.24 (0.70–2.20) | 0.869 | ||
Eggs | Range (g) | <14 | <21 | <36 | ≥36 | |
reference | 1.57 (0.90–2.74) | 1.24 (0.75–2.07) | 1.33 (0.76–2.33) | 0.564 | ||
Soybeans/Soy products | Range (g) | <35 | <60 | <90 | ≥90 | |
reference | 1.14 (0.69–1.87) | 0.90 (0.55–1.46) | 0.76 (0.44–1.29) | 0.215 | ||
Milk/Dairy product | Range (g) | <63 | <122 | <205 | ≥205 | |
reference | 1.14 (0.71–1.85) | 1.00 (0.60–1.66) | 0.63 (0.37–1.07) | 0.074 | ||
Milk | Range (g) | <12 | <73 | <170 | ≥170 | |
reference | 1.65 (1.00–2.74) | 1.42 (0.88–2.29) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 0.372 | ||
Other dairy product | Range (g) | <25 | <53 | <79 | ≥79 | |
reference | 1.55 (0.96–2.48) | 1.11 (0.67–1.84) | 0.90 (0.54–1.48) | 0.396 | ||
Sugar | Range (g) | <4.4 | <7.3 | <11.3 | ≥11.3 | |
reference | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 0.57 (0.35–0.95) | 0.54 (0.31–0.94) | 0.018 | ||
Nuts and seeds | Range (g) | <0.3 | <1.4 | <3.9 | ≥3.9 | |
reference | 1.05 (0.65–1.71) | 0.89 (0.54–1.47) | 0.70 (0.40–1.21) | 0.150 | ||
Fats and oils | Range (g) | <5.9 | <10.3 | <15.6 | ≥15.6 | |
reference | 1.21 (0.75–1.97) | 2.10 (1.27–3.49) | 1.37 (0.81–2.34) | 0.076 | ||
Seasoning and spices | Range (g) | <12.8 | <18.8 | <25.1 | ≥25.1 | |
reference | 0.73 (0.44–1.19) | 0.83 (0.50–1.37) | 1.18 (0.69–2.04) | 0.446 | ||
Sweets | Range (g) | <21 | <42 | <73 | ≥73 | |
reference | 1.10 (0.67–1.80) | 1.38 (0.84–2.28) | 2.11 (1.22–3.67) | 0.007 | ||
Sugar-sweetened beverages | Range (g) | <7 | <36 | <79 | ≥79 | |
reference | 2.14 (1.11–4.14) | 1.46 (0.80–2.69) | 1.07 (0.57–2.01) | 0.285 | ||
Alcoholic beverages | Range (g) | <8.6 | <42.9 | <85.7 | ≥85.7 | |
reference | 0.57 (0.29–1.15) | 0.72 (0.38–1.34) | 0.88 (0.48–1.60) | 0.334 |
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Hatta, M.; Horikawa, C.; Takeda, Y.; Ikeda, I.; Yoshizawa Morikawa, S.; Kato, N.; Kato, M.; Yokoyama, H.; Kurihara, Y.; Maegawa, H.; et al. Association between Obesity and Intake of Different Food Groups among Japanese with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study (JDDM68). Nutrients 2022, 14, 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153034
Hatta M, Horikawa C, Takeda Y, Ikeda I, Yoshizawa Morikawa S, Kato N, Kato M, Yokoyama H, Kurihara Y, Maegawa H, et al. Association between Obesity and Intake of Different Food Groups among Japanese with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study (JDDM68). Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153034
Chicago/Turabian StyleHatta, Mariko, Chika Horikawa, Yasunaga Takeda, Izumi Ikeda, Sakiko Yoshizawa Morikawa, Noriko Kato, Mitsutoshi Kato, Hiroki Yokoyama, Yoshio Kurihara, Hiroshi Maegawa, and et al. 2022. "Association between Obesity and Intake of Different Food Groups among Japanese with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study (JDDM68)" Nutrients 14, no. 15: 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153034