Status and Dietary Intake of Phytoene and Phytofluene in Spanish Adults and the Effect of a Four-Week Dietary Intervention with Lutein-Rich Fruits or Vegetables
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Carotenoid Extraction and Analysis in Blood, Faeces and Food Sample
2.3. HPLC-DAD Carotenoid Analysis
2.4. Phytoene and Phytofluene Dietary Intake Assessment
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Identification of PT and PTF by HPLC
3.2. PT Dietary Intake
3.3. PT and PTF Serum Concentrations
3.4. PT and PTF Concentrations in Faeces
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serum Concentration (µmol/L) | |
Phytoene | 0.166 ± 0.067 (0.154) |
Phytofluene | 0.058 ± 0.039 (0.044) |
Faecal Concentration (μg/g d.w.) 1 | |
Phytoene | 16.43 ± 22.04 (11.4) |
Phytofluene | 5.53 ± 8.11 (3.0) |
Phytoene Dietary Intake From (µg/day) 2 | |
Apricot | 126.1 ± 481.8 (0.0) |
Carrot | 1424.6 ± 2069.9 (697.3) |
Orange | 31.5 ± 62.8 (0.0) |
Orange juice | 26.0 ± 57.1 (0.0) |
Tomato | 1135.3 ± 1195.7 (894.3) |
Tomato fried | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) |
Tomato pure | 21.0 ± 65.6 (0.0) |
Tomato juice | 26.3 ± 263.9 (0.0) |
Watermelon | 35.0 ± 143.2 (0.0) |
Phytofluene Dietary Intake From (µg/day) 1 | |
Apricot | 27.6 ± 105.3 (0.0) |
Carrot | 333.6 ± 484.7 (163.3) |
Orange | 14.4 ± 28.7 (0.0) |
Orange juice | 8.5 ± 18.7 (0.0) |
Tomato | 220.8 ± 232.5 (173.9) |
Tomato fried | 76.0 ± 149.4 (0.0) |
Tomato pure | 11.2 ± 34.9 (0.0) |
Tomato juice | 11.6 ± 117.0 (0.0) |
Watermelon | 13.4 ± 54.7 (0.0) |
Fruit Group (n = 14) | Vegetable Group (n = 15) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basal | Final | Basal | Final | |
Serum Concentration | ||||
Phytoene | 0.119 ± 0.035 (0.107) | 0.110 ± 0.025 (0.109) | 0.143 ± 0.082 (0.116) | 0.138 ± 0.074 (0.110) |
Phytofluene | 0.036 ± 0.027 (0.026) | 0.034 ± 0.018 (0.027) | 0.043 ± 0.030 (0.038) | 0.049 ± 0.031 (0.038) |
Faecal Concentration | ||||
Phytoene | 23.27 ± 12.57 (24.47) a | 14.48 ± 8.69 (10.91) a,* | 19.97 ± 11.29 (19.13) | 23.37 ± 11.56 (19.49) * |
Total phytofluene | 10.98 ± 6.96 (13.34) | 7.39 ± 4.20 (5.83) | 8.39 ± 5.82 (7.53) | 10.35 ± 5.44 (8.87) |
Isomer 1 | 6.61 ± 4.73 (7.27) | 4.23 ± 2.96 (3.41) | 4.41 ± 3.52 (4.26) | 5.49 ± 3.49 (4.33) |
Isomer 2 | 3.63 ± 2.19 (4.03) | 2.70 ± 1.19 (2.55) | 3.07 ± 2.18 (2.95) | 3.79 ± 1.76 (3.30) |
Isomer 3 | 0.73 ± 0.50 (0.94) a | 0.47 ± 0.27 (0.47) a* | 0.92 ± 0.66 (0.97) | 1.07 ± 0.75 (1.01) * |
Dietary Intake | ||||
Phytoene | 2229.8 ± 2212.8 (1657.7) | 1856.7 ± 1505.9 (1675.1) | 3037.2 ± 1784.8 (2837.8) | 2281.7± 1542.3 (2043.2) |
Phytofluene | 547.4 ± 491.1 (437.7) | 459.5 ± 305.5 (440.4) | 797.4 ± 438.7 (640.0) | 518.9 ± 344.8 (412.5) |
PT Dietary Intake From | ||||
Apricot | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 28.7 ± 111.3(0.0) | 488.5 ± 1078.5 (0.0) |
Carrot | 1172.1 ± 2157.9 (526.7) a | 479.4 ± 806.1 (0.0) a | 1475.1 ± 2068.9 (632.0) | 621.8 ± 1106.6 (0.0) |
Orange | 93.0 ± 80.0 (89.7) | 126.3 ± 52.2 (120.5) | 32.4 ± 60.7 (0.0) | 20.5 ± 38.0 (0.0) |
Orange juice | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) * | 5.8 ± 21.8 (0.0) * | 29.9 ± 58.6 (0.0) a,* | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) a,* |
Tomato | 935.3 ± 953.2 (531.2) | 1212.3 ± 985.4 (1095.4) | 1406.1 ± 1313.2 (1169.2) | 970.1 ± 759.1 (797.6) |
Tomato fried | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) |
Tomato pure | 20.5 ± 55.0 (0.0) | 20.1 ± 75.3 (0.0) | 12.5 ± 33.0 (0.0) | 12.5 ± 48.5 (0.0) |
Tomato juice | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) |
Watermelon | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 2.9 ± 10.8 (0.0) | 40.4 ± 91.4 (0.0) | 88.2 ± 146.9 (0.0) |
PTF Dietary Intake From | ||||
Apricot | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 6.3 ± 24.3 (0.0) | 106.8 ± 235.8 (0.0) |
Carrot | 274.5 ± 505.3 (123.4) a | 112.3 ± 188.8 (0.0) a | 345.4 ± 484.5 (148.0) | 145.6 ± 259.1 (0.0) |
Orange | 42.4 ± 36.5 (40.9.) | 57.6 ± 23.8 (55.0) * | 14.8 ± 27.7 (0.0) | 9.3 ± 17.4 (0.0) * |
Orange juice | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) * | 1.9 ± 7.1 (0.0) | 9.8 ± 19.2 (0.0) a,* | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) a |
Tomato | 181.9 ± 185.4 (103.3) | 235.7 ± 191.6 (213.0) | 273.4 ± 255.4 (227.4) | 188.7 ± 147.6 (155.1) |
Tomato fried | 28.7 ± 49.8 (0.0) | 36.1 ± 52.2 (0.0) * | 112.3 ± 178.2 (0.0) a | 8.8 ± 34.0 (0.0) a,* |
Tomato pure | 10.9 ± 29.2 (0.0) | 10.7 ± 40.1 (0.0) | 6.7 ± 17.6 (0.0) | 6.7 ± 25.8 (0.0) |
Tomato juice | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) |
Watermelon | 0.0 ± 0.0 (0.0) | 1.1 ± 4.1 (0.0) | 15.4 ± 34.9 (0.0) | 33.7 ± 56.1 (0.0) |
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez, E.; Estévez-Santiago, R.; Sánchez-Prieto, M.; Olmedilla-Alonso, B. Status and Dietary Intake of Phytoene and Phytofluene in Spanish Adults and the Effect of a Four-Week Dietary Intervention with Lutein-Rich Fruits or Vegetables. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142922
Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Estévez-Santiago R, Sánchez-Prieto M, Olmedilla-Alonso B. Status and Dietary Intake of Phytoene and Phytofluene in Spanish Adults and the Effect of a Four-Week Dietary Intervention with Lutein-Rich Fruits or Vegetables. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142922
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Rodríguez, Elena, Rocío Estévez-Santiago, Milagros Sánchez-Prieto, and Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso. 2022. "Status and Dietary Intake of Phytoene and Phytofluene in Spanish Adults and the Effect of a Four-Week Dietary Intervention with Lutein-Rich Fruits or Vegetables" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142922