High-Fat or High-Carbohydrate Meal—Does It Affect the Metabolism of Men with Excess Body Weight?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biochemical Analysis
2.2. Calorimetry Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysi
3. Results
3.1. Blood Glucose Concentration
3.2. Serum Insulin Concentration
3.3. Triglyceride Concentrations
3.4. Homocysteine Concentrations
3.5. Indirect Calorimetry
3.5.1. Energy Expenditure
3.5.2. Glucose Oxidation
3.5.3. Lipid Oxidation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- It was observed that following a high-fat or high-carbohydrate meal, men with excessive body weight metabolize the main nutrients differently than men with normal body weight, and postprandial insulin secretion is also different (even without any significant differences in glucose concentrations).
- Overweight/obesity, which is in itself a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributes to an increase in the concentration of other risk factors such as the concentration of homocysteine and triglycerides, which is referred to as cardiometabolic risk.
- Consumption of a high-fat meal increased the number of potential risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (homocysteine and triglycerides) compared to a high-carbohydrate meal.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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GS (n = 13) | GC (n = 13) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 37.42 ± 3.15 | 32.10 ± 3.12 | 0.2431 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 32.36 ± 2.03 | 23.81 ± 0.21 | 0.0003 * |
HC Meal (Nutridrink Fat-Free) Meal Portion: 300 mL | HF Meal (Calogen) Meal Portion: 95 mL | |
---|---|---|
Energy value | 450 kcal | 450 kcal |
Carbohydrates | 100.5 g | 4.0 g |
% of energy | 89.3% | 4% |
Mono-and disaccharides | 42.3 g | 3.8 g |
Glucose | 1.0 g | 0 g |
Fructose | 0 g | 0 g |
Lactose | <0.0075 g | 0 g |
Maltose | 36.3 g | 0 g |
Saccharose | 5.0 g | 3.8 g |
Polysaccharides | 57.9 g | 0 g |
Fats | 0 g | 47.5 g |
% of energy | 0% | 96% |
Saturated fat | 0g | 5 g |
Vegetable fat | 0 g | 42.5 g |
Milk fat | 0 g | 0 g |
Monounsaturated fats | 0 g | 28.9 g |
Polyunsaturated fats | 0 g | 13.6 g |
Cholesterol | 0 mg | 0 mg |
Protein | 12 g | 0 g |
% of energy | 10.7% | 0% |
% of energy | ||
Fiber | 0 g | 0 g |
High-Fat Meal (HF) | ||||||||||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | Insulin (IU/mL) | Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Homocysteine (µmol/L) | |||||||||
Time | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p |
0′ | 98.4 ± 10.58 | 94.5 ± 8.98 | 0.6622 | 14.7 ± 14.36 | 8.2 ± 2.30 | 0.0812 | 122.0 ± 58.36 | 80.5 ± 35.92 | 0.0377 | 17.3 ± 7.73 | 15.7 ± 5.78 | 0.3172 |
30′ | 95.3 ± 10.37 | 92.7 ± 9.29 | 0.8772 | 21.3 ± 21.88 | 10.1 ± 3.89 | 0.0355 | 127.1 ± 65.81 | 81.3 ± 37.01 | 0.0256 | 16.9 ± 6.03 | 13.8 ± 2.53 | 0.0686 |
60′ | 88.6 ± 12.44 | 89.9 ± 7.92 | 0.5041 | 21.1 ± 18.12 | 9.6 ± 3.72 | 0.0024 | 126.3 ± 77.72 | 84.3 ± 34.47 | 0.0576 | 24.7 ± 14.01 | 14.4 ± 2.35 | 0.0292 |
120′ | 89.7 ± 9.90 | 89.7 ± 6.40 | 0.4399 | 17.6 ± 10.77 | 8.4 ± 2.13 | 0.0065 | 166.3 ± 97.78 | 109.9 ± 34.51 | 0.0158 | 21.5 ± 6.91 | 13.0 ± 2.60 | 0.0011 |
180′ | 91.6 ± 9.26 | 88.0 ± 5.78 | 0.4257 | 15.4 ± 11.45 | 8.1 ± 2.66 | 0.0159 | 205.9 ± 91.93 | 136.5 ± 48.25 | 0.0311 | 22.9 ± 14.81 | 14.6 ± 4.82 | 0.2701 |
240′ | 90.9 ± 7.18 | 89.3 ± 6.77 | 0.9794 | 12.4 ± 8.27 | 8.5 ± 3.28 | 0.2184 | 206.6 ± 91.53 | 148.5 ± 72.81 | 0.1508 | 23.2 ± 10.80 | 14.7 ± 2.88 | 0.0377 |
AUC | 21658 ± 334 | 21,593 ± 442 | 0.7004 | 4171 ± 857 | 2113 ± 157 | 0.0040 | 39,867 ± 5453 | 26,685 ± 2713 | 0.0240 | 5370 ± 539 | 3437 ± 147 | 0.0040 |
High-Carbohydrate Meal (HC) | ||||||||||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | Insulin (IU/mL) | Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Homocysteine (µmol/L) | |||||||||
Time | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p |
0′ | 96.2 ± 9.18 | 91.6 ± 18.31 | 0.6254 | 14.8 ± 14.10 | 10.2 ± 5.20 | 0.6628 | 113.5 ± 41.25 | 75.3 ± 41.03 | 0.0294 | 16.8 ± 4.17 | 13.2 ± 2.49 | 0.0221 |
30′ | 158.0 ± 25.65 | 152.3 ± 30.28 | 0.9794 | 181.1 ± 283.38 | 86.2 ± 31.06 | 0.7778 | 116.6 ± 39.65 | 77.0 ± 42.18 | 0.0294 | 19.4 ± 9.10 | 13.2 ± 4.02 | 0.0042 |
60′ | 169.3 ± 46.81 | 149.3 ± 31.33 | 0.3166 | 238.1 ± 342.86 | 120.8 ± 86.53 | 0.9795 | 118.3 ± 47.64 | 74.5 ± 42.35 | 0.0190 | 15.7 ± 7.35 | 13.8 ± 5.55 | 0.3107 |
120′ | 140.6 ± 51.61 | 127.0 ± 26.94 | 0.6440 | 141.1 ± 197.22 | 84.1 ± 41.21 | 0.7388 | 105.5 ± 45.08 | 62.9 ± 38.55 | 0.0119 | 19.0 ± 11.41 | 12.3 ± 1.74 | 0.0255 |
180′ | 105.3 ± 19.81 | 104.6 ± 25.86 | 0.8174 | 42.4 ± 33.24 | 45.9 ± 32.18 | 0.6628 | 102.8 ± 49.75 | 63.0 ± 42.15 | 0.0190 | 19.6 ± 11.12 | 12.6 ± 3.20 | 0.0190 |
240′ | 78.7 ± 19.00 | 77.1 ± 18.98 | 0.9386 | 17.1 ± 13.30 | 13.6 ± 6.02 | 0.8979 | 98.7 ± 51.86 | 71.5 ± 51.03 | 0.0908 | 15.1 ± 8.97 | 12.4 ± 3.27 | 0.5787 |
AUC | 30,482 ± 1426 | 28,882 ± 1322 | 0.5726 | 27,907 ± 9545 | 16,396 ± 1784 | 0.8979 | 25,995 ± 3046 | 16,502 ± 2772 | 0.0274 | 4323 ± 511 | 3090 ± 141 | 0.0138 |
High-Fat Meal (HF) | |||||||||
Energy Expenditure (kcal/min) | Glucose Oxidation (mg/min) | Fat Oxidation (mg/min) | |||||||
Time | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p |
0′ | 1.332 ± 0.25 | 1.267 ± 0.24 | 0.3970 | 41.3 ± 47.76 | 34.0 ± 43.71 | 0.5552 | 71.4 ± 36.46 | 56.4 ± 33.22 | 0.2811 |
60′ | 1.333 ± 0.27 | 1.263 ± 0.19 | 0.6628 | 61.4 ± 66.25 | 34.4 ± 45.07 | 0.2084 | 82.4 ± 48.55 | 87.3 ± 31.98 | 0.8979 |
120′ | 1.335 ± 0.23 | 1.269 ± 0.22 | 0.2181 | 43.9 ± 48.04 | 34.3 ± 40.93 | 0.6628 | 91.5 ± 40.76 | 90.1 ± 29.02 | 0.9590 |
180′ | 1.336 ± 0.26 | 1.217 ± 0.10 | 0.1237 | 24.9 ± 19.29 | 27.6 ± 41.69 | 0.5724 | 103.0 ± 32.43 | 92.0 ± 27.96 | 0.3426 |
240′ | 1.339 ± 0.24 | 1.327 ± 0.20 | 0.2928 | 23.5 ± 9.66 | 31.9 ± 45.45 | 0.5046 | 105.5 ± 32.80 | 94.4 ± 30.18 | 0.4263 |
AUC | 325.64 ± 16.478 | 302.87 ± 9.526 | 0.3693 | 9775 ± 1987 | 7765 ± 2738 | 0.2088 | 21,936 ± 2305 | 20,699 ± 1937 | 1.0000 |
High-Carbohydrate Meal (HC) | |||||||||
Energy Expenditure (kcal/min) | Glucose Oxidation (mg/min) | Fat Oxidation (mg/min) | |||||||
Time | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p | GS | GC | p |
0′ | 1.329 ± 0.22 | 1.222 ± 0.15 | 0.1369 | 23.9 ± 22.60 | 28.6 ± 22.5 | 0.4265 | 87.7 ± 28.40 | 66.2 ± 26.50 | 0.1061 |
60′ | 1.447 ± 0.30 | 1.338 ± 0.09 | 0.5381 | 46.0 ± 55.44 | 46.7 ± 56.01 | 0.9386 | 93.4 ± 34.56 | 77.7 ± 23.98 | 0.1822 |
120′ | 1.395 ± 0.29 | 1.311 ± 0.10 | 0.7583 | 68.7 ± 60.23 | 76.2 ± 49.84 | 0.3692 | 78.5 ± 28.98 | 63.6 ± 22.98 | 0.1689 |
180′ | 1.325 ± 0.26 | 1.220 ± 0.14 | 0.6816 | 62.9 ± 63.27 | 67.6 ± 53.88 | 0.3972 | 71.7 ± 26.32 | 57.5 ± 24.06 | 0.1689 |
240′ | 1.316 ± 0.29 | 1.240 ± 0.12 | 0.7583 | 42.5 ± 30.08 | 35.0 ± 46.29 | 0.0479 | 84.7 ± 36.40 | 77.6 ± 22.67 | 0.6138 |
AUC | 329.48 ± 18.328 | 306.14 ± 7.191 | 0.6444 | 12,665 ± 3013 | 13,351 ± 2689 | 0.3558 | 19,799 ± 1901 | 16,253 ± 1322 | 0.1909 |
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Ostrowska, L.; Smarkusz-Zarzecka, J.; Muszyńska, A.; Adamska-Patruno, E.; Górska, M.; Krętowski, A. High-Fat or High-Carbohydrate Meal—Does It Affect the Metabolism of Men with Excess Body Weight? Nutrients 2022, 14, 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142876
Ostrowska L, Smarkusz-Zarzecka J, Muszyńska A, Adamska-Patruno E, Górska M, Krętowski A. High-Fat or High-Carbohydrate Meal—Does It Affect the Metabolism of Men with Excess Body Weight? Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142876
Chicago/Turabian StyleOstrowska, Lucyna, Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka, Anna Muszyńska, Edyta Adamska-Patruno, Maria Górska, and Adam Krętowski. 2022. "High-Fat or High-Carbohydrate Meal—Does It Affect the Metabolism of Men with Excess Body Weight?" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142876
APA StyleOstrowska, L., Smarkusz-Zarzecka, J., Muszyńska, A., Adamska-Patruno, E., Górska, M., & Krętowski, A. (2022). High-Fat or High-Carbohydrate Meal—Does It Affect the Metabolism of Men with Excess Body Weight? Nutrients, 14(14), 2876. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142876