Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Test the Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination Monacolin K-Free on the Lipid and Inflammatory Profile of Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Interventions
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NC n = 59 | Placebo n = 59 | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56.59 (9.55) | 59.27 (7.91) | 0.100 |
Gender (men) | 24 (40.7) | 25 (42.4) | 0.852 |
Weight (kg) | 73.11 (15.37) | 70.99 (13.39) | 0.426 |
Height (cm) | 168 (160–175) | 166 (160–173) | 0.599 * |
Waist circumference (cm) | 92.65 (10.66) | 91.90 (10.65) | 0.704 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 103.23 (8.68) | 103.09 (8.64) | 0.932 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 25.4 (23.0–29.7) | 24.5 (22.2–28.6) | 0.236 * |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mm/Hg) | 130 (115–140) | 130 (120–149) | 0.220 * |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm/Hg) | 80 (72–85) | 80 (70–85) | 0.605 * |
Heart rate (bpm) * | 66 (60–70) | 67 (61–72) | 0.287 * |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.08 (8.62) | 96.17 (10.66) | 0.544 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 225.69 (19.55) | 229.02 (22.04) | 0.388 |
Cholesterol HDL (mg/dL) | 62.03 (16.86) | 68.20 (15.98) | 0.044 |
Cholesterol LDL (mg/dL) | 156.29 (21.61) | 156.53 (19.53) | 0.950 |
Total / HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 3.74 (3.06–4.57) | 3.40 (3.01–3.96) | 0.079 * |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 105 (73–148) | 95 (70–143) | 0.557 * |
AST (U/L) | 19 (16–21) | 18 (16–22) | 0.627 * |
ALT (U/L) | 15 (13–23) | 16 (13–24) | 0.760 * |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.779 * |
CKD-EPI eGFR (mL/min/1.73 mq) | 86 (80–90) | 84 (74–90) | 0.167 * |
hs-C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.09 (0.05–0.20) | 0.12 (0.06–0.27) | 0.387 * |
Lipoprotein (a) (mg/dL) | 104 (48–299) | 200 (49–509) | 0.228 * |
Creatine kinase (U/L) | 98 (70–134) | 102 (78–134) | 0.794 * |
Leukocytes (×103/L) | 5.89 (5.01–6.75) | 5.87 (5.06–6.56) | 0.655 * |
Baseline | 6th Week | 12th Week | p Group | p Time | p Interaction | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AST (U/L) | ||||||
NC | 19.5 (4.7) | 20.2 (5.8) | 20.2 (6.1) | 0.986 | 0.112 | 0.906 |
Placebo | 19.5 (5.5) | 20.0 (5.5) | 20.3 (6.4) | |||
ALT (U/L) | ||||||
NC | 18.4 (8.6) | 21.0 (13.2) | 19.5 (10.2) | 0.975 | 0.218 | 0.207 |
Placebo | 19.5 (10.8) | 19.5 (11.2) | 19.7 (10.9) | |||
Creatinine (mg/dL) | ||||||
NC | 0.87 (0.15) | 0.87 (0.16) | 0.86 (0.14) | 0.240 | 0.200 | 0.581 |
Placebo | 0.90 (0.22) | 0.92 (0.20) | 0.90 (0.21) | |||
CDK-EPI eGFR (ml/min/1,73 mq) | ||||||
NC | 82.6 (9.75) | 81.2 (12.4) | 83.3 (7.7) | 0.057 | 0.094 | 0.784 |
Placebo | 79.7 (12.7) | 77.7 (12.1) | 79.1 (12.5) | |||
Creatine kinase (U/L) | ||||||
NC | 120.1 (95.6) | 122.8 (113.3) | 125.9 (138.0) | 0.798 | 0.079 | 0.376 |
Placebo | 111.3 (47.8) | 114.4 (50.2) | 130.6 (86.1) | |||
Myoglobin (ng/mL) | ||||||
NC | 35.2 (25.6) | 35.0 (32.3) | 33.9 (25.1) | 0.998 | 0.412 | 0.164 |
Placebo | 35.5 (17.9) | 33.0 (16.4) | 35.6 (19.0) |
Baseline | 6th Week | 12th Week | p Group | p Time | p Interaction | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||
NC | 225.9 (19.7) | 224.9 (21.6) | 229.9 (25.5) | 0.855 | 0.476 | 0.083 |
Placebo | 228.6 (22.0) | 225.6 (24.9) | 224.5 (24.7) | |||
Cholesterol LDL (mg/dL) | ||||||
NC | 156.9 (21.3) | 155.8 (22.6) | 158.8 (25.4) | 0.384 | 0.410 | 0.150 |
Placebo | 156.4 (19.7) | 153.2 (22.7) | 152.1 (23.1) | |||
Cholesterol HDL (mg/dL) | ||||||
NC | 61.7 (16.8) | 62.2 (16.4) | 62.7 (17.6) | 0.078 | 0.880 | 0.158 |
Placebo | 68.1 (16.1) | 67.6 (14.8) | 66.8 (14.4) | |||
Total/HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||
NC | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.2) | 0.024 | 0.144 | 0.379 |
Placebo | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.8) | |||
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | ||||||
NC | 115.6 (57.5) | 120.1 (68.2) | 132.1 (81.8) | 0.364 | 0.032 | 0.822 |
Placebo | 107.8 (49.2) | 110.6 (77.3) | 118.0 (78.8) | |||
IPAQ | ||||||
NC | 1384.1 (1911.4) | - | 1306.4 (1683.9) | 0.379 | 0.425 | 0.841 |
Placebo | 1127.1 (1242.8) | - | 1080.6 (1154.9) |
Baseline | 6th Week | 12th Week | p Group | p Time | p Interaction | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leukocytes (×103/µL) | ||||||
NC | 6.1 (1.8) | 6.4 (1.4) | 6.1 (1.5) | 0.289 | 0.215 | 0.207 |
Placebo | 5.8 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.3) | 6.1 (1.6) | |||
Neutrophils (×103/µL) | ||||||
NC | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) | 0.764 | 0.243 | 0.105 |
Placebo | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.5 (1.3) | |||
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) * | ||||||
NC | −0.98 (0.45) | −0.93 (0.52) | −0.96 (0.43) | 0.694 | 0.488 | 0.179 |
Placebo | −0.92 (0.50) | −0.98 (0.44) | −0.88 (0.48) | |||
Interleukin-32 (pg/mL) | ||||||
NC | 39.97 (56.60) | - | 44.26 (57.23) | 0.408 | 0.452 | 0.587 |
Placebo | 58.61 (82.28) | - | 59.31 (96.92) | |||
Interleukin-38 (pg/mL) | ||||||
NC | 186.98 (124.11) | - | 183.38 (122.10) | 0.095 | 0.667 | 0.930 |
Placebo | 249.08 (147.76) | - | 246.70 (134.76) | |||
miR-21 | ||||||
NC | 4.53 × 10−7 (2.44 × 10−7) | - | 4.47 × 10−7 (3.31 × 10−7) | 0.923 | 0.427 | 0.275 |
Placebo | 4.34 × 10−7 (2.39 × 10−7) | - | 4.77 × 10−7 (3.01 × 10−7) | |||
miR-126 | ||||||
NC | 1.82 × 10−7 (1.51 × 10−7) | - | 1.76 × 10−7 (1.60 × 10−7) | 0.578 | 0.280 | 0.718 |
Placebo | 1.68 × 10−7 (1.55 × 10−7) | - | 1.55 × 10−7 (1.07 × 10−7) | |||
miR-146a | ||||||
NC | 2.23 × 10−8 (9.02 × 10−9) | - | 2.11 × 10−8 (1.04 × 10−8) | 0.821 | 0.611 | 0.206 |
Placebo | 2.37 × 10−8 (1.51 × 10−8) | - | 2.19 × 10−8 (1.05 × 10−8) |
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Protic, O.; Di Pillo, R.; Montesanto, A.; Galeazzi, R.; Matacchione, G.; Giuliani, A.; Sabbatinelli, J.; Gurău, F.; Silvestrini, A.; Olivieri, F.; et al. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Test the Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination Monacolin K-Free on the Lipid and Inflammatory Profile of Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142812
Protic O, Di Pillo R, Montesanto A, Galeazzi R, Matacchione G, Giuliani A, Sabbatinelli J, Gurău F, Silvestrini A, Olivieri F, et al. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Test the Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination Monacolin K-Free on the Lipid and Inflammatory Profile of Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142812
Chicago/Turabian StyleProtic, Olga, Raffaele Di Pillo, Alberto Montesanto, Roberta Galeazzi, Giulia Matacchione, Angelica Giuliani, Jacopo Sabbatinelli, Felicia Gurău, Andrea Silvestrini, Fabiola Olivieri, and et al. 2022. "Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Test the Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination Monacolin K-Free on the Lipid and Inflammatory Profile of Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142812
APA StyleProtic, O., Di Pillo, R., Montesanto, A., Galeazzi, R., Matacchione, G., Giuliani, A., Sabbatinelli, J., Gurău, F., Silvestrini, A., Olivieri, F., Antonicelli, R., & Bonfigli, A. R. (2022). Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Test the Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination Monacolin K-Free on the Lipid and Inflammatory Profile of Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia. Nutrients, 14(14), 2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142812