Patterns and Predictors of Breast Milk Feeding from Birth to Age 4 Months among Primiparous African American Mother–Infant Dyads
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.3.2. Psychosocial Characteristics
2.3.3. Assessment of Infant Feeding Practices
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Infant Feeding Practices
3.3. Associations between Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Characteristics and Any Breast Milk Feeding by Infant Age 1 Week
3.4. Associations between Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Characteristics and Cessation of Any Breast Milk Feeding by Infant Ages 3, 8, and 16 Weeks
3.5. Bottle-Feeding Practices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n | |
---|---|---|
Mother | ||
Age (years), mean (SD) | 185 | 22.9 (4.6) |
Race, African American/Black, n (%) | 185 | 185 (100.0) |
Prepregnancy BMI, mean (SD) | 184 | 28.3 (8.4) |
Romantic relationship status, n (%) | 185 | |
Single | 71 (38.4) | |
Married, living together | 22 (11.9) | |
Married, but not living together | 1 (0.5) | |
Living together | 58 (31.4) | |
Involved, but not living together | 33 (17.8) | |
Working prepregnancy, n (%) | 185 | |
Full-time | 64 (34.6) | |
Part-time | 29 (15.7) | |
Student | 9 (4.9) | |
Unemployed | 80 (43.2) | |
Other | 3 (1.6) | |
Currently working outside the home, n (%) | 185 | |
1 week | 0 (0.0) | |
3 weeks | 19 (10.3) | |
8 weeks | 74 (40.0) | |
16 weeks | 103 (55.7) | |
Annual household income, n (%) | 184 | |
<$10,000 | 41 (22.8) | |
$10,000–24,999 | 23 (12.5) | |
$25,000–49,999 | 26 (14.3) | |
$50,000 or more | 16 (8.7) | |
Don’t know | 72 (39.1) | |
Refuse to answer | 6 (3.3) | |
Education, n (%) | 185 | |
Some high school | 22 (11.9) | |
High school graduate | 91 (49.1) | |
Some college or technical school | 48 (26.0) | |
College graduate or graduate degree | 24 (13.0) | |
Number in household, mean (SD) | 139 | 2.0 (1.5) |
Federal Nutrition Assistance, n (%) | ||
SNAP participant | 179 | 84 (46.9) |
WIC participant | 182 | 139 (76.4) |
Food insecurity, n (%) | 80 (43.2) | |
Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 184 | 0.64 (0.45) |
Romantic relationship satisfaction, mean (SD) | 114 | 16.1 (2.8) |
Social provision, mean (SD) | 185 | |
Reliable alliance | 3.4 (0.53) | |
Guidance | 3.1 (0.56) | |
Racial discrimination, mean (SD) | 185 | 1.4 (0.58) |
Infant | ||
Male, n (%) | 185 | 89 (48.1) |
Gestational age (weeks), mean (SD) | 185 | 39.1 (1.1) |
Weight (kg) at enrollment, mean (SD) | 185 | 6.0 (0.35) |
Length (cm) at enrollment, mean (SD) | 185 | 48.7 (1.7) |
WFLz at enrollment, mean (SD) | 182 | −0.34 (0.96) |
1 Week | ||
---|---|---|
Characteristics a | OR | 95% CI |
Sociodemographic | ||
Age (years) | 1.08 | 1.00–1.16 |
Prepregnancy BMI | 1.09 * | 1.04–1.15 |
In a romantic relationship b | 1.53 | 0.82–2.86 |
Worked outside the home prepregnancy c | 2.25 * | 1.21–4.18 |
Number in household | 1.01 | 0.77–1.29 |
SNAP participation | 0.55 | 0.30–1.04 |
WIC participation | 0.21 * | 0.08–0.56 |
Food insecurity | 2.49 * | 1.29–4.77 |
Infant WFLz at enrollment | 0.75 | 0.54–1.05 |
Psychosocial | ||
Depressive symptoms | 1.17 | 0.58–2.33 |
Relationship satisfaction | 1.00 | 0.87–1.16 |
Social provision | ||
Reliable alliance | 1.07 | 0.61–1.89 |
Guidance | 1.30 | 0.74–2.28 |
Racial discrimination | 1.16 | 0.67–2.00 |
3 Weeks | 8 Weeks | 16 Weeks | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics a | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
Sociodemographic | ||||||
Age (years) | 0.90 | 0.81–1.00 | 0.93 | 0.87–1.00 | 0.92 * | 0.85–0.98 |
Prepregnancy BMI | 0.97 | 0.92–1.03 | 0.95 * | 0.91–0.99 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.05 |
In a romantic relationship b | 0.67 | 0.28–1.63 | 1.15 | 0.55–2.42 | 1.16 | 0.54–2.52 |
Currently working outside the home c | ||||||
3 weeks | 1.03 | 0.25–5.20 | ||||
8 weeks | 1.04 | 0.50–2.15 | ||||
16 weeks | 1.13 | 0.53–2.35 | ||||
Number in household | 1.30 | 0.96–1.75 | 1.07 | 0.82–1.39 | 1.40 | 0.99–1.95 |
SNAP participation | 2.86 * | 1.13–5.21 | 2.33 * | 1.11–4.91 | 2.06 | 0.93–4.57 |
WIC participation | 1.64 | 0.60–4.49 | 2.38 * | 1.07–5.27 | 2.16 | 0.98–4.76 |
Food insecurity | 1.20 | 0.50–2.84 | 0.66 | 0.32–1.33 | 1.27 | 0.61–2.67 |
Infant WFLz at enrollment | 1.31 | 0.80–2.13 | 1.31 | 0.88–1.95 | 0.98 | 0.65–1.47 |
Psychosocial | ||||||
Depressive symptoms | 1.74 | 0.74–4.10 | 0.59 | 0.25–1.22 | 0.58 | 0.27–1.27 |
Relationship satisfaction | 1.05 | 0.85–1.31 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.22 | 0.95 | 0.80–1.14 |
Social provision | ||||||
Reliable alliance | 1.18 | 0.37–1.90 | 1.25 | 0.63–2.45 | 1.15 | 0.57–2.33 |
Guidance | 1.05 | 0.42–2.63 | 0.79 | 0.37–1.66 | 1.23 | 0.64–2.36 |
Racial discrimination | 2.14 * | 1.10–4.17 | 1.31 | 0.71–2.42 | 0.89 | 0.40–1.94 |
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Moore, A.M.; Smith, J.J.; Stansfield, B.K.; Savage, J.S.; Lavner, J.A. Patterns and Predictors of Breast Milk Feeding from Birth to Age 4 Months among Primiparous African American Mother–Infant Dyads. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112350
Moore AM, Smith JJ, Stansfield BK, Savage JS, Lavner JA. Patterns and Predictors of Breast Milk Feeding from Birth to Age 4 Months among Primiparous African American Mother–Infant Dyads. Nutrients. 2022; 14(11):2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112350
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoore, Amy M., Jessica J. Smith, Brian K. Stansfield, Jennifer S. Savage, and Justin A. Lavner. 2022. "Patterns and Predictors of Breast Milk Feeding from Birth to Age 4 Months among Primiparous African American Mother–Infant Dyads" Nutrients 14, no. 11: 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112350
APA StyleMoore, A. M., Smith, J. J., Stansfield, B. K., Savage, J. S., & Lavner, J. A. (2022). Patterns and Predictors of Breast Milk Feeding from Birth to Age 4 Months among Primiparous African American Mother–Infant Dyads. Nutrients, 14(11), 2350. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112350