Oxidative Balance Score during Pregnancy Is Associated with Oxidative Stress in the CANDLE Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Maternal Measures
2.3. Biomarker Measurement
2.4. Maternal Dietary Assessment during Pregnancy
2.5. Oxidative Balance Score Calculation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Oxidative Balance Score
3.3. Food Sources Contributing to OBS
3.4. Association between Oxidative Balance Score and F2-Isoprostanes
4. Discussion
4.1. Biomarker Measures of Oxidative Stress
4.2. Diet/Lifestyle A Measure of Oxidative Stress
4.3. Sources of Oxidants
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All Mean (SD)/n (%) | Q1 [−40.8, −9.2] Mean (SD)/n (%) | Q2 [−9.2, −3.7] Mean (SD)/n (%) | Q3 [−3.7, 1.6] Mean (SD)/n (%) | Q4 [1.6, 8.4] Mean (SD)/n (%) | Q5 [8.4, 64.9] Mean (SD)/n (%) | p Value 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 1322 | 265 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | |
Maternal | |||||||
Age, years, mean/SD | 26.3 (5.4) | 24.0 (0.3) | 25.9 (0.3) | 26.6 (0.3) | 27.2 (0.3) | 27.7 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
Black, n/% | 847 (64.1%) | 241 (90.9%) | 197 (74.6%) | 149 (56.4%) | 140 (53.0%) | 120 (45.3%) | <0.0001 |
Education (≤12 years), n/% | 761 (57.6%) | 208 (78.5%) | 178 (67.4%) | 129 (48.9%) | 127 (48.1%) | 119 (44.9%) | <0.0001 |
Marital status (single), n/% | 545 (41.2%) | 158 (59.6%) | 125 (47.3%) | 98 (37.1%) | 87 (33.0%) | 77 (29.1%) | <0.0001 |
Insurance (Medicaid or Medicare), n/% | 755 (57.1%) | 216 (81.5%) | 173 (65.5%) | 133 (50.4%) | 115 (43.6%) | 118 (44.5%) | <0.0001 |
Parity (primiparous), n/% | 543 (41.1%) | 81 (30.6%) | 113 (42.8%) | 123 (46.6%) | 114 (43.2%) | 112 (42.3%) | 0.0128 |
Overweight/Obese, n/% | 701 (53.0%) | 160 (60.4%) | 165 (62.5%) | 129 (48.9%) | 133 (50.4%) | 114 (43.0%) | <0.0001 |
Oxidative Balance Score Components 1 | |||||||
Total energy intake, kcals | 2728.9 (1678.0) | 3201.2 (115.4) | 2596.6 (98.9) | 2377.0 (76.8) | 2369.7 (90.5) | 3096.9 (117.4) | 0.1823 |
Anti-oxidants | |||||||
Alpha-tocopherol, mg 1,2 | 3.85 (1.07) | 3.34 (0.04) | 3.45 (0.04) | 3.71 (0.05) | 4.04 (0.05) | 4.69 (0.09) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C, mg 1,2 | 72.2 (31.1) | 56.1 (1.5) | 62.5 (1.5) | 69.5 (1.7) | 81.3 (2.0) | 91.4 (2.0) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin D, IU | 77.5 (50.3) | 58.0 (2.2) | 68.0 (2.5) | 76.9 (2.8) | 89.7 (3.2) | 95.0 (3.9) | <0.0001 |
Niacin, mg 1,2 | 10.7 (2.3) | 9.5 (0.1) | 10.3 (0.1) | 10.5 (0.1) | 11.0 (0.1) | 11.9 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
Riboflavin, mg 1,2 | 1.01 (0.24) | 0.87 (0.01) | 0.94 (0.01) | 1.00 (0.01) | 1.09 (0.02) | 1.18 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
Dietary Folate Equivalents, mcg 1,2 | 282.8 (92.2) | 225.3 (3.7) | 251.5 (3.8) | 275.6 (4.7) | 316.0 (5.9) | 345.5 (6.4) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin K, mcg 1,2 | 99.6 (74.9) | 57.6 (2.4) | 69.5 (2.5) | 85.8 (3.2) | 125.6 (4.9) | 159.1 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
Alpha-carotene, mcg | 195.2 (233.9) | 91.1 (6.5) | 124.2 (7.9) | 165.4 (9.4) | 226.7 (13.9) | 368.3 (21.7) | <0.0001 |
Beta-carotene, mcg | 1972.5 (1411.1) | 1060.4 (48.2) | 1340.5 (48.2) | 1705.7 (58.6) | 2428.5 (78.9) | 3325.7 (103.6) | <0.0001 |
Cryptoxanthin, beta, mcg | 106.2 (67.1) | 73.2 (2.9) | 88.9 (3.2) | 105.5 (3.8) | 125.0 (4.2) | 138.3 (4.8) | <0.0001 |
Lutein-Zeaxanthin, mcg | 1793.4 (1422.9) | 984.7 (44.6) | 1219.5 (43.7) | 1517.0 (55.5) | 2290.4 (92.5) | 2954.2 (112.9) | <0.0001 |
Lycopene, mcg | 2590.8 (1850.5) | 1902.6 (78.9) | 2251.0 (71.7) | 2547.6 (105.5) | 2709.8 (109.3) | 3542.0 (157.2) | <0.0001 |
Retinol, mcg | 243.1 (100.6) | 211.8 (4.3) | 228.0 (5.0) | 239.4 (5.6) | 262.3 (6.4) | 274.1 (8.1) | <0.0001 |
Omega-3 fatty acids, g 1 | 0.82 (0.22) | 0.84 (0.01) | 0.83 (0.01) | 0.82 (0.01) | 0.81 (0.01) | 0.81 (0.01) | 0.0616 |
Dietary Fiber, g | 8.9 (3.0) | 6.7 (0.1) | 7.7 (0.1) | 8.7 (0.1) | 10.1 (0.2) | 11.5 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
Glutathione, g | 22.2 (5.6) | 19.3 (0.3) | 20.9 (0.3) | 21.9 (0.3) | 23.7 (0.3) | 25.1 (0.4) | <0.0001 |
Total Flavonoid, mg 3 | 154.4 (112.0) | 111.4 (5.0) | 130.7 (5.7) | 152.7 (6.0) | 190.1 (8.3) | 187.1 (7.6) | <0.0001 |
Copper, mg 1,2 | 0.65 (0.15) | 0.53 (0.01) | 0.59 (0.01) | 0.63 (0.01) | 0.70 (0.01) | 0.78 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
Magnesium, mg 1,2 | 142.9 (35.5) | 112.1 (1.3) | 127.5 (1.4) | 138.8 (1.4) | 159.1 (1.9) | 177.1 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
Selenium, mg 1,2 | 48.4 (8.7) | 45.7 (0.5) | 47.7 (0.5) | 48.3 (0.5) | 49.1 (0.5) | 51.0 (0.5) | <0.0001 |
Zinc, mg 1,2 | 5.6 (1.3) | 5.1 (0.1) | 5.2 (0.1) | 5.5 (0.1) | 5.7 (0.1) | 6.2 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Plasma Vitamin D | 22.3 (8.5) | 18.0 (0.4) | 21.5 (0.5) | 23.6 (0.5) | 23.8 (0.5) | 24.5 (0.6) | <0.0001 |
Plasma Folate | 23.8 (12.9) | 16.6 (0.5) | 22.4 (0.7) | 26.5 (0.8) | 25.9 (0.8) | 27.8 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
Caffeine, mg | 18.3 (22.2) | 14.1 (1.0) | 16.1 (1.3) | 17.5 (1.3) | 21.5 (1.5) | 22.0 (1.7) | <0.0001 |
NSAIDS, yes/no | 23 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (2.3%) | 5 (1.9%) | 4 (1.5%) | 8 (3.0%) | 0.0375 |
Pro-oxidants | |||||||
Total Fat, g | 40.6 (5.6) | 43.5 (0.3) | 41.8 (0.3) | 40.5 (0.3) | 38.7 (0.3) | 38.3 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
Saturated fatty acid, g | 13.2 (2.4) | 14.5 (0.1) | 13.8 (0.1) | 13.2 (0.1) | 12.5 (0.1) | 12.1 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Omega-6 fatty acids, g 1 | 7.3 (1.5) | 7.6 (0.1) | 7.5 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.2 (0.1) | 7.1 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Iron, mg 1,2 | 7.4 (1.7) | 6.5 (0.1) | 6.9 (0.1) | 7.3 (0.1) | 7.8 (0.1) | 8.5 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Alcohol Intake, g | 0.03 (0.15) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.4215 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 27.4 (7.4) | 28.8 (0.5) | 28.6 (0.4) | 26.9 (0.5) | 26.9 (0.4) | 26.0 (0.4) | <0.0001 |
Smoking during pregnancy, n/% | 86 (6.5%) | 14 (5.3%) | 18 (6.8%) | 15 (5.7%) | 15 (5.7%) | 24 (9.1%) | 0.1800 |
Dietary Index | |||||||
HEI total score | 60.2 (11.4) | 49.4 (0.57) | 55.6 (0.54) | 60.8 (0.51) | 65.7 (0.55) | 69.6 (0.54) | <0.0001 |
Food Item | Food Group | Beta 1 |
---|---|---|
Coffee | Coffee | 0.16 |
Spinach | Cruciferous vegetable | 0.49 |
Broccoli | Cruciferous vegetable | 0.17 |
Slimfast | Dairy | 0.17 |
Oysters | Fish and other seafood | 0.76 |
Shellfish | Fish and other seafood | 0.30 |
Liver | Organ meats | 1.08 |
Spaghetti with meat sauce | Rice, pasta, mixed, dishes | 0.19 |
Green salad | Salad dressing | 0.21 |
Power bars | Snacks | 0.20 |
Hot tea | Teas | 0.23 |
Tofu | Tofu and meat substitutes | 0.65 |
Carrots | Yellow vegetables | 0.39 |
Sweet potato | Yellow vegetables | 0.31 |
Ribs | Red meat | −0.35 |
Liquor | Alcohol | −7.31 |
OBS z-Score | F2-Isoprostanes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted 1 | ||||
Mean (SE) | Beta | p Value 2 | Beta | p Value 2 | |
Continuous Score | −0.01 | 0.001 | −0.01 | 0.006 | |
Reference (quintile 1) | 2.54 (0.08) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Quintile 2 | 2.34 (0.07) | −0.19 | 0.063 | −0.18 | 0.085 |
Quintile 3 | 2.22 (0.07) | −0.32 | 0.003 | −0.30 | 0.006 |
Quintile 4 | 2.21 (0.07) | −0.33 | 0.002 | −0.29 | 0.010 |
Quintile 5 | 2.18 (0.08) | −0.36 | 0.001 | −0.35 | 0.002 |
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Tylavsky, F.A.; Han, L.; Sims Taylor, L.M.; Mason, W.A.; Carroll, K.N.; Bush, N.R.; LeWinn, K.Z.; Melough, M.M.; Hartman, T.J.; Zhao, Q. Oxidative Balance Score during Pregnancy Is Associated with Oxidative Stress in the CANDLE Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2327. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112327
Tylavsky FA, Han L, Sims Taylor LM, Mason WA, Carroll KN, Bush NR, LeWinn KZ, Melough MM, Hartman TJ, Zhao Q. Oxidative Balance Score during Pregnancy Is Associated with Oxidative Stress in the CANDLE Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(11):2327. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112327
Chicago/Turabian StyleTylavsky, Frances A., Luhang Han, Lauren M. Sims Taylor, W. Alex Mason, Kecia N. Carroll, Nicole R. Bush, Kaja Z. LeWinn, Melissa M. Melough, Terryl J. Hartman, and Qi Zhao. 2022. "Oxidative Balance Score during Pregnancy Is Associated with Oxidative Stress in the CANDLE Study" Nutrients 14, no. 11: 2327. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112327