Vitamin D Supplementation on Carotid Remodeling and Stiffness in Obese Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Statistical Method
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Obese | Obese Subgroups | p-Value | Normal-Weight | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | (n = 26) | OS (n = 13) | ONS (n = 13) | OS vs. ONS | (n = 18) | All OA vs. NW |
Age (year) | 14.2 (13.6–14.8) | 14.6 (13.6–14.8) | 14 (13.1–16.7) | 0.959 | 14.8 (13.3–15.3) | 0.535 |
Boys/girls (n) | 10–16 | 5–8 | 5–8 | 1.0 | 10–8 | 0.728 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 33.5 (31.2–36.2) | 33.8 (31.3–36.5) | 32.7 (31.1–36.3) | 0.614 | 19.2 (18.5–20.2) | <0.0001 |
BMI Z-score | 4.0 (3.5–4.5) | 3.9 (3.4–4.7) | 4.0 (3.4–4.6) | 0.959 | 0.0 (−0.3–0.7) | <0.0001 |
Fat mass (%) | 41.4 (39.8–43.2) | 41.9 (39.8–43.6) | 41.1 (36.5–44.3) | 0.555 | 23.2 (18.4–27.7) | <0.0001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 112 (106–120) | 112 (106–123) | 113 (106–120.5) | 0.797 | 104 (100–108) | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 66 (62–68) | 59 (57–60) | 61 (59–68) | 0.039 | 60 (59–62) | 0.004 |
Total 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 38 (35.4–47.8) | 39 (38–55.8) | 34.5 (32–58.6) | 0.191 | 57 (48.1–67.7) | 0.002 |
n deficiency in 25(OH)D | 8 | 1 | 7 | - | 0 | - |
n insuficiency in 25(OH)D | 18 | 9 | 9 | - | 5 | - |
Free 25(OH)D (pg/mL) | 4.1 (1.9–5.3) | 4.1 (1.9–5.3) | 4.1 (2.4–4.8) | 0.918 | 4.8 (2.6–6.2) | 0.006 |
CRP (mg/mL) | 6.1 (3.3–10.1) | 7.9 (3.6–13.7) | 4.4 (2.3–10.1) | 0.331 | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | <0.0001 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.6 (1.7–2.7) | 2.7 (1.8–2.9) | 2.3 (1.6–2.7) | 0.283 | 0.55 (0.5–1.1) | <0.0001 |
CCA diameter (mm) | 5.73 (5.59–581) | 5.77 (5.53–5.87) | 5.70 (5.31–5.82) | 0.355 | 5.05 (4.84–5.24) | <0.0001 |
CCA compliance (mm2/mmHg) | 0.11 (0.09–0.12) | 0.10 (0.06–0.16) | 0.11 (0.08–0.12) | 0.923 | 0.16 (0.12–0.18) | 0.0017 |
CCA-IMT (mm) | 0.64 (0.63–0.67) | 0.63 (0.62–0.66) | 0.66 (0.62–0.68) | 0.342 | 0.61 (0.59–0.63) | 0.0186 |
All Obese | p-Value | Changes from Baseline (in %) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome Variables | Baseline | 3 Months | OS | ONS | ||
Total 25(OH)D (mmol/L) | 38.0 (35.4–47.8) | 67.0 (57.0–71.6) | <0.0001 | 55.2 (38.1–72.0) | 34.9 (8.1–70.9) | 0.132 |
Free 25(OH)D (mmol/L) | 4.1 (1.9–5.3) | 5.9 (4.1–8.3) | 0.0001 | 59.4 (36.3–77.4) | 27.4 (8.6–60.6) | 0.336 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 33.5 (31.2–36.2) | 30.3 (29.6–32.5) | <0.0001 | −8.5 (−11.2–−6.3) | −7.8 (−10.9–−5.6) | 0.649 |
CRP (mg/mL) | 6.1 (3.3–10.1) | 2.0 (0.9–4.5) | 0.0002 | −48.8 (−81.6–−0.35) | −65 (−81.1–48) | 0.331 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.6 (1.7–2.7) | 1.6 (1.1–1.9) | 0.007 | −36.9 (−76.9–1.7) | −36.3 (−60.3–−12.8) | 1 |
Carotid diameters (mm) | 5.73 (5.59–5.81) | 5.66 (5.46–5.83) | 0.678 | 0 (−1.1–2.5) | −1.5 (−4.4–3.5) | 0.434 |
Carotid compliance (mm2/mmHg) | 0.11 (0.09–0.12) | 0.12 (0.10–0.15) | 0.05 | 2.35 (−9.8–18.2) | 15.5 (−5.3–58.1) | 0.305 |
Intima-media thickness (mm) | 0.64 (0.63–0.67) | 0.63 (0.62–0.67) | 0.034 | −3.25 (−7.3–0.9) | 0.61 (−6.4–2.1) | 0.599 |
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Morrissey, C.; Amiot, M.-J.; Goncalves, A.; Raverdy, C.; Masson, D.; Tardivel, C.; Gayrard, S.; Carrère, M.; Landrier, J.-F.; Vinet, A.; et al. Vitamin D Supplementation on Carotid Remodeling and Stiffness in Obese Adolescents. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2296. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112296
Morrissey C, Amiot M-J, Goncalves A, Raverdy C, Masson D, Tardivel C, Gayrard S, Carrère M, Landrier J-F, Vinet A, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation on Carotid Remodeling and Stiffness in Obese Adolescents. Nutrients. 2022; 14(11):2296. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112296
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorrissey, Christopher, Marie-Josèphe Amiot, Aurelie Goncalves, Cecile Raverdy, Delphine Masson, Catherine Tardivel, Sandrine Gayrard, Myriam Carrère, Jean-Francois Landrier, Agnes Vinet, and et al. 2022. "Vitamin D Supplementation on Carotid Remodeling and Stiffness in Obese Adolescents" Nutrients 14, no. 11: 2296. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112296