Review of Kangaroo Mother Care in the Middle East
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Gap
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Information Sources
2.3. Risk of Bias
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Exclusive Breastfeeding Rate for 6 Months | Evidence of KMC Practices |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 83% (2006) | Available |
Algeria | 6.9% (2006) | Available |
Bahrain | 34% (2010) | Not available |
Egypt | 53.2% (2008) | Available |
Iran | 23% (2005) | Available |
Iraq | 25.1% (2006) | Available |
Israel | 15% (2019) | Available |
Jordan | 25.4% (2018) | Not Available |
Kuwait | 15.2% (2011) | Not Available |
Lebanon | 14.8% (2009) | Not available |
Libya | 32.28% (2019) | Available |
Morocco | 31% (2004) | Not available |
Oman | 9.1% (2012) | Available |
Pakistan | 37% (2007) | Available |
Qatar | 29% (2015) | Not available |
Saudi Arabia | 28% (2021) | Available |
Syria | 42.6% (2009) | Not available |
The Palestinian Territories (West Bank and Gaza) | 27% (2006) | Not available |
Tunisia | 6% (2006) | Available |
Turkey | 41.6% (2008) | Available |
United Arab Emirates | 34% (2017) | Not available |
Yemen | 12% (2003) | Not available |
Country | Reference | Purpose | Study Design | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|
The Middle East region | [14] | Estimating the association between KMC and neonatal outcomes | Systematic review | The KMC practice as a safe protective intervention |
The Middle East region | [15] | Analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, and threats to improving maternal and child mortality and morbidity. | Article | KMC as a protecting factor |
Worldwide included 5 studies from North Africa and the Middle east. | [16] | Investigating the barriers in implementing the KMC practice. | Review study | The most common barriers to KMC practice for mothers were resource-related: Issues with the facility environment/resources, negative impressions of staff attitudes or interactions with staff, lack of help with KMC practice or other obligations, and low awareness of KMC, infant health. |
Iran | [17] | To develop and evaluate an instrument for measuring factors associated with (MSSCQ) based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model | A two-phase qualitative and quantitative study. | Developed a reliable and valid questionnaire (MSSCQ) |
Iran | [18,19,20,21,22] | To assess Kangaroo mother effects | Randomized clinical trial studies | Positive effects
|
Iran | [23] | To evaluate the effects of KMC on exclusive breastfeeding just at the time of discharge | Cross-sectional study | KMC enhances exclusive breastfeeding |
Iran | [24] | To evaluate the effect of KMC on physiological parameters of premature infants | Quasi-experimental study | KMC showed significant effects on physiological parameters of the infants (heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood oxygen saturation, and temperature). |
South Asia countries, including Pakistan and Afghanistan. | [25] | To evaluate the evidence on factors and barriers of the intention of breastfeeding within 1 h of birth. | Review study | The barriers to initiation of breastfeeding |
Six countries, including Pakistan | [26] | To estimate mortality, within 24 h of birth, in six low and lower–middle-income countries. | Review study | Recommendation to implement KMC to reduce the newborn mortality rate |
Pakistan | [27] | To observe the health and wellbeing in preterm births as well as children’s death each year | Report | Basic measures and low-cost practice should be implemented |
Pakistan | [28] | To evaluate the effect of early mother–infant Skin to skin contact on breastfeeding behavior of infants | Randomized controlled trial | Early KMC practice significantly enhanced the success and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding |
Afghanistan | [29] | The study discussed the importance of having high-impact postpartum interventions such as KMC in Afghanistan | Report in The Times, London. A case study. | A barrier was identified in applying KMC as it was considered “shameful”. The study revealed how poverty and ignorance affect Afghanistan. |
Afghanistan | [30] | To evaluate the quality of healthcare facilities and improvement in Afghanistan | Case study | Measurable improvements in actual patient care are the frontline of service delivery, while building capacity at all levels of the health through national leadership and policymaking, even in fragile states. |
Israel | [31] | Assessing the effective frequency of exercising on the bone strength among preterm babies | Randomized controlled trial | The implementation of the KMC practice is part of intensive care unit recommendations |
Turkey | [32] | How to accelerate the implantation of KMC globally, focused on newborn deaths | Consensus | Implementation of KMC |
Libya | [33] | Investigating the prevalence of neonatal deaths in the special care baby unit at the primary children’s hospital in Tripoli and the factors associated with these deaths | Article | 63.1% of the deaths occurred during the early neonate phase |
Libya | [34] | To provide reliable information on the availability and readiness of health services delivery | WHO report | KMC is practiced in 23.1% of facilities |
Egypt | [35] | To evaluate the effect of KMC practice | Quasi-experimental study | Positive effects |
Egypt | [36] | To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding breastfeeding initiation | Cross-sectional study | Most of the participants had low practice levels despite a high level of knowledge about the breastfeeding initiation. |
Egypt | [37] | Studied the KMC effects on the cerebral blood flow. | Quasi-experimental study | Positive effects on health |
Palestine | [38] | Inform all mothers of premature babies about the importance of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding to foment a closer bond between mother and child. | Prospective cohort study | Younger mothers implement KMC practice more compared to older mothers |
Tunisia | [39] | Assessing the knowledge and practice of mothers towards breastfeeding, and combining it with the KMC | Cross-sectional study | Exclusive breastfeeding over 3 months was associated with KMC |
Iraq | [40] | Investigate and evaluate perinatal healthcare | Qualitative study | Usually, after birth, the mother and the baby are separated for more than 30 min, which leads to losing the opportunity to practice the KMC |
Oman | [41] | Studying the effect of breastfeeding on autism | Case-control study | Positive effectsEnhancing the emotional bonding between the mother and the baby, as well as reducing stress |
Saudi Arabiya | [42] | Estimating the rate of skin-to-skin contact and describing mothers’ perceptions and experiences of immediate skin-to-skin contact after vaginal birth | Cross-sectional study | Positive effects of kangaroo care.Mothers held positive perceptions and wanted to practice skin-to-skin contact |
Abu Dhabi | [43] | To increase the number of baby-friendly hospitals, hence ensuring that all maternal care facilities support breastfeeding. | Report | Allow mothers and infants to remain together 24 h a day, encourage breastfeeding on demand, give no artificial treats or pacifiers to breastfeeding infants, and foster the establishment of breastfeeding support. |
Iran | [44] | To determine the effect of mother–infant skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth on the success rate and duration of the first breastfeeding | Systematic review | Mother–infant skin-to-skin contact increases the success rate and duration of the first breastfeeding; hence, it is the best postnatal care provision for infants |
Saudi Arabia | [45] | To assess the levels of knowledge of KMC among nurses and identify the potential barriers to practice | Report | 209 NICU nurses promote KMC as maternal infant bonding; however, several barriers were identified, such as fear of accidental extubating, lack of time due to workload, and lack of privacy during KMC practice |
Iran | [46] | To find the effect of KMC on weight gain, breastfeeding, and duration of hospitalization | Quasi-experimental | KMC improves neonatal weight gain, breastfeeding, and decreases the duration of hospitalization. |
India | [47] | To study KMC on low-birthweight infants in the NICU | Observational research | KMC was found to be effective and feasible method for care of low-birthweight infants, even in NICU, and positive attitudes were observed in mothers and families. |
Iran | [48] | To evaluate the effect of KMC on the mental health of mothers with low-birthweight infants | Experimental design | 50 infant mothers showed the positive impact of KMC on the rate of maternal mental health scores. KMC was recommended to improve mental health of mothers as well as for low-birthweight infants. |
Iran | [49] | To compare the effects of kangaroo care and in-arms-holding on preterm infants’ sleep and wake states. | Randomized controlled trial design | Kangaroo care was found to increase the length of time that preterm infants spend in deep sleep and quiet awake states compared with simply being held in their mothers’ arms. |
Turkey | [50] | To investigate the emotions and experiences of fathers in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey who applied kangaroo care in the neonatal intensive care unit. | Qualitative descriptive design. | Three main themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Emotions of being a father (feeling that the baby belongs to them and feeling the warmth and scent of the baby); (2) confidence in fathering roles (self-confidence and caring for the baby); and (3) happiness in the new parent role (seeing the baby calm down, hugging the baby, and touching the baby’s skin). |
Algeria | [51] | The aim of this paper was to analyze the kangaroo care method on the prevention of the nosocomial infection when applied to premature babies. | Observational study | No infection was observed in the study population during its stay in the kangaroo unit who did not receive any antibiotics. The impact of care by the kangaroo method in preventing nosocomial infections appears effective. |
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Taha, Z.; Wikkeling-Scott, L. Review of Kangaroo Mother Care in the Middle East. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112266
Taha Z, Wikkeling-Scott L. Review of Kangaroo Mother Care in the Middle East. Nutrients. 2022; 14(11):2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112266
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaha, Zainab, and Ludmilla Wikkeling-Scott. 2022. "Review of Kangaroo Mother Care in the Middle East" Nutrients 14, no. 11: 2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112266