Selenium Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Practical Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Selenium Intake and Status
3. Selenium Supplementation and Autoimmune Thyroiditis
4. Selenium Status, Autoimmune Thyroiditis, and Fertility
5. Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Pregnancy
6. Selenium Status, Thyroid, and Pregnancy
7. Selenium Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Has the Time Come?
8. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food | Se Content (µg/g Fresh Weight) |
---|---|
Brazil nuts | ~0.85–7 |
Tuna (in oil) | ~0.8 |
Chicken | ~0.6 |
Sardines | ~0.6 |
Lamb | ~0.3-0.4 |
Shellfish | ~0.4–1.3 |
Beef | ~0.35–0.5 |
Salmon | ~0.2–0.4 |
Ham | ~0.2 |
Eggs | ~0.2 |
Milk products | ~0.1–0.5 |
First Author, Year | Country | Study Design | Study Population | No. of Patients | Gestational Age | Outcomes | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arikan et al. 2015 [90] | Turkey | Cross-sectional study | Healthy pregnant vs. hyperthyroid pregnant | 107: 70 healthy (group 1); 37 hyperthyroid (group 2) | First trimester | TSH, FT3, FT4, serum Se | Significantly higher FT3 and FT4 levels and significantly lower TSH and Se levels in group 2 than in group 1; positive correlation between Se and FT4 in group 1 and with TSH in group 2 |
Ambroziak et al. 2017 [92] | Poland | Prospective study | Healthy pregnant and pregnant women with AITD | 74: 45 healthy; 39 AITD | First, second and third trimester | TSH, FT3, FT4, TPOAb, TgAb, thyroid US, serum Se and SELENOP | Relatively low serum Se and SELENOP levels in both healthy and AITD; from first to third trimester TPOAb and TgAb declined in AITD, but this was unrelated to Se status |
Guo et al. 2021 [91] | China | Prospective cohort study | Pregnant | 1931 | 28–36 wks | TSH, serum Se, birth weight and length | Serum Se levels <103.7 μg/L, each unit increase significantly associated with a decrease of 0.014 μIU/mL in TSH; maternal TSH levels inversely associated with infant birth weights |
Hofstee et al. 2021 [93] | Australia | Retrospective cross-sectional study | Pregnant euthyroid | 63: 21 with low Se; 21 with mean Se; 21 with optimal Se | 26–30 wks | TSH, FT3, FT4, TPOAb, serum Se | Females with low Se concentrations showed reduced FT3 and increased TPOAb and incidence of pregnancy disorders; Se levels positively correlated with FT3 and negatively correlated with TPOAb |
Pop et al. 2021 [24] | The Netherlands | Longitudinal prospective study | Pregnant | 2041: 1479 taking mineral supplements; 544 not taking mineral supplements | 12 wks | TSH, FT4, TPOAb, serum Se, Zn and Cu | Negative correlation between Se levels and logFT4; positive correlation between Se levels and logTSH; women taking supplements were 1.46 times less likely to have elevated TPOAb at 12 wks |
First Author, Year | Country | No. of Patients (Selenium/Placebo/Control) | Selenium Supplementation | Duration of Treatment (Months) | Patients Requiring LT4 during Pregnancy (%) | Outcomes | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negro et al. 2007 [95] | Italy | 232 (77/74/81) | selenomethionine 200 μg/day | 18 | 33 (14.2) | TSH, FT4, TPOAb, thyroid US, PPT | Lower prevalence of PPT and permanent hypothyroidism |
Mao et al. 2016 [96] | UK | 230 (120/110) | selenium 60 μg/day | 6 | None | TSH, FT4, TPOAb, TgAb | Decrease in TSH and FT4 during pregnancy but no effect on TPOAb |
Mantovani et al. 2019 [97] | Italy | 45 (21/24) | selenomethionine 83 μg/day | 12 | 13 * (28.9) | TSH, FT3, FT4, TPOAb, TgAb, thyroid US, HRQoL | Decrease in TPOAb and TgAb in the Se group but increase in the PLB group at PP |
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Minnetti, M.; Sada, V.; Feola, T.; Giannetta, E.; Pozza, C.; Gianfrilli, D.; Isidori, A.M.; Cozzolino, A. Selenium Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Practical Approach. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112234
Minnetti M, Sada V, Feola T, Giannetta E, Pozza C, Gianfrilli D, Isidori AM, Cozzolino A. Selenium Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Practical Approach. Nutrients. 2022; 14(11):2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112234
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinnetti, Marianna, Valentina Sada, Tiziana Feola, Elisa Giannetta, Carlotta Pozza, Daniele Gianfrilli, Andrea M. Isidori, and Alessia Cozzolino. 2022. "Selenium Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Practical Approach" Nutrients 14, no. 11: 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112234