Longitudinal Association of Dietary Energy Density with Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults from CHNS 1993–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Dietary Data
2.3. Definition of DED and Abdominal Obesity
2.4. Assessment of Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics by the Quartile of DED
3.2. Changes in DED and Waist Circumference in Males and Females from 1993 to 2018
3.3. Association between DED and Waist Circumference in Subjects Aged 18–64 from 1993 to 2018
3.4. Association between DED and Abdominal Obesity in Subjects Aged 18–64 from 1993 to 2018
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Males | p | Females | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||
N | 731 | 775 | 730 | 752 | 851 | 879 | 857 | 865 | ||
DED (kcal/g) 2 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 2.1 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 2.8 ± 0.0 | <0.001 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 2.1 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 2.8 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 39.9 ± 0.5 | 40.1 ± 0.5 | 39.2 ± 0.5 | 39.5 ± 0.5 | 0.544 | 39.1 ± 0.4 | 39.5 ± 0.4 | 39.1 ± 0.4 | 39.0 ± 0.4 | 0.814 |
Urban and rural (%) | ||||||||||
Urban | 21.5 | 30.7 | 33.7 | 36.8 | <0.001 | 23.7 | 31.0 | 34.2 | 34.8 | <0.001 |
Rural | 78.5 | 69.3 | 66.3 | 63.2 | 76.3 | 69.0 | 65.8 | 65.2 | ||
Region (%) | ||||||||||
North | 30.8 | 29.8 | 34.7 | 45.1 | <0.001 | 29.7 | 32.3 | 37.7 | 46.8 | <0.001 |
South | 69.2 | 70.2 | 65.3 | 54.9 | 70.3 | 67.7 | 62.3 | 53.2 | ||
Education level (%) | ||||||||||
Primary school and below | 47.2 | 41.9 | 41.5 | 37.9 | 0.010 | 60.8 | 56.9 | 57.6 | 61.0 | 0.100 |
Middle school | 33.7 | 34.2 | 36.6 | 40.0 | 26.4 | 26.2 | 25.8 | 25.9 | ||
High school and above | 19.1 | 23.9 | 21.9 | 22.1 | 12.8 | 16.9 | 16.6 | 13.1 | ||
Income level (%) | ||||||||||
Low | 36.4 | 28.1 | 30.4 | 37.1 | 0.001 | 33.0 | 29.7 | 32.9 | 39.1 | 0.005 |
Medium | 32.7 | 34.5 | 36.4 | 32.2 | 32.3 | 34.2 | 34.0 | 30.3 | ||
High | 30.9 | 37.4 | 33.2 | 30.7 | 34.7 | 36.1 | 33.1 | 30.6 | ||
Urbanicity index | 44.4 ± 0.6 | 50.1 ± 0.6 | 50.7 ± 0.6 | 47.5 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 46.3 ± 0.6 | 49.2 ± 0.6 | 50.1 ± 0.6 | 46.8 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 381.9 ± 8.6 | 323.6 ± 7.6 | 324.4 ± 7.9 | 336.4 ± 8.2 | <0.001 | 433.0 ± 9.1 | 392.6 ± 8.8 | 380.4 ± 8.9 | 392.5 ± 8.6 | <0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 66.3 | 66.7 | 67.1 | 69.8 | 0.474 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 0.339 |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 64.6 | 63.0 | 64.0 | 63.0 | 0.904 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 0.214 |
WC (cm) | 75.9 ± 0.3 | 76.1 ± 0.3 | 76.8 ± 0.3 | 77.5 ± 0.3 | 0.001 | 74.2 ± 0.3 | 74.1 ± 0.3 | 75.1 ± 0.3 | 76.0 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Abdominal obesity (%) | 16.4 | 15.6 | 16.4 | 21.1 | 0.018 | 23.2 | 24.9 | 28.5 | 34.0 | <0.001 |
Dietary intake | ||||||||||
Total energy(kcal/day) | 2237.0 ± 2 7.8 | 2637.2 ± 20.7 | 2839.6 ± 24.3 | 2988.0 ± 23.3 | <0.001 | 2066.9 ± 20.7 | 2310.6 ± 17.4 | 2445.6 ± 20.3 | 2649.4 ± 20.8 | <0.001 |
The proportion of energy protein | 13.6 ± 0.1 | 13.3 ± 0.1 | 12.9 ± 0.1 | 12.2 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 13.6 ± 0.1 | 13.2 ± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 0.1 | 12.2 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
The proportion of energy fat | 23.0 ± 0.5 | 23.3 ± 0.4 | 25.5 ± 0.4 | 26.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 21.6 ± 0.4 | 22.8 ± 0.3 | 24.1 ± 0.4 | 25.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
The proportion of energy carbohydrate | 63.4 ± 0.5 | 63.4 ± 0.4 | 61.5 ± 0.4 | 61.6 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 64.8 ± 0.4 | 64.0 ± 0.4 | 63.2 ± 0.4 | 62.1 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
DED | p-Trend 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 2 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
Male | |||||
Model 1 4 | 0 | 0.18 (−0.03, 0.39) | 0.07 (−0.14, 0.29) | −0.05 (−0.27, 0.17) | 0.561 |
Model 2 | 0 | 0.21 (−0.01, 0.42) | 0.11 (−0.11, 0.32) | −0.01 (−0.22, 0.21) | 0.825 |
Model 3 | 0 | 0.21 (−0.01, 0.42) | 0.10 (−0.11, 0.32) | −0.01 (−0.22, 0.22) | 0.842 |
Model 4 | 0 | 0.23 (0.02, 0.45) * | 0.14 (−0.08, 0.36) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.25) | 0.984 |
Female | |||||
Model 1 | 0 | −0.02 (−0.22, 0.19) | 0.09 (−0.11, 0.30) | 0.29 (0.07, 0.50) ** | 0.004 |
Model 2 | 0 | 0.01 (−0.19, 0.21) | 0.13 (−0.08, 0.33) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.54) ** | 0.001 |
Model 3 | 0 | −0.01 (−0.20, 0.20) | 0.09 (−0.11, 0.29) | 0.27 (0.06, 0.48) * | 0.006 |
Model 4 | 0 | −0.01 (−0.21, 0.20) | 0.08 (−0.13, 0.29) | 0.24 (0.01, 0.46) * | 0.024 |
DED | p-Trend 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 2 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
Male | |||||
Model 1 4 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 0.986 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 0.677 |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.16) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.14) | 0.593 |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.96, 1.18) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.17) | 0.397 |
Female | |||||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.16) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.26) ** | 0.003 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.18) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.29) ** | 0.003 |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.27) ** | 0.002 |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 1.16 (1.05, 1.29) ** | 0.003 |
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Hu, H.; Zuo, L.; Song, X.; Su, C.; Wang, H.; Zhang, B.; Ding, G. Longitudinal Association of Dietary Energy Density with Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults from CHNS 1993–2018. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102151
Hu H, Zuo L, Song X, Su C, Wang H, Zhang B, Ding G. Longitudinal Association of Dietary Energy Density with Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults from CHNS 1993–2018. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102151
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Haojie, Lijun Zuo, Xiaoyun Song, Chang Su, Huijun Wang, Bing Zhang, and Gangqiang Ding. 2022. "Longitudinal Association of Dietary Energy Density with Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults from CHNS 1993–2018" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102151