Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Evaluation Indicators
2.2.1. Dietary Nutrients
2.2.2. Diagnostic Criteria for MetS
2.2.3. Measurement of Indicators
2.2.4. Other Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Multivariate Cox Proportional Risk Regression Analysis of Dietary Magnesium Intake to MetS and Its Components
3.3. Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and MetS and Its Components
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quintile of Dietary Magnesium Intake (mg/day) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (<225.89 mg/day) | Q2 (225.89~256.12 mg/day) | Q3 (256.12~287.23 mg/day) | Q4 (287.23~329.91 mg/day) | Q5 (≥329.91 mg/day) | p-Value | |
Age, % | 0.22 | |||||
18~49 | 51.31 | 53.48 | 51.92 | 48.98 | 48.81 | |
50~64 | 36.15 | 33.82 | 33.58 | 36.61 | 37.10 | |
65~ | 12.54 | 12.69 | 14.50 | 14.41 | 14.09 | |
Male, % | 49.51 | 44.64 | 45.37 | 45.45 | 46.36 | 0.13 |
Household incomeper capita, % | <0.05 | |||||
Low | 27.62 | 31.20 | 34.97 | 36.20 | 36.69 | |
Median | 31.72 | 30.30 | 35.30 | 35.22 | 34.07 | |
High | 40.66 | 38.49 | 29.73 | 28.58 | 29.24 | |
Education, % | <0.05 | |||||
Primary and below | 33.61 | 32.19 | 36.94 | 37.18 | 40.13 | |
Middle and high | 47.62 | 46.19 | 46.6 | 46.93 | 45.21 | |
College and above | 18.77 | 21.62 | 16.46 | 15.89 | 14.66 | |
Urban, % | 30.49 | 33.82 | 37.26 | 34.73 | 34.97 | <0.05 |
Never smoked, % | 70.82 | 71.25 | 70.68 | 69.7 | 71.01 | 0.93 |
Never drunk alcohol, % | 68.77 | 67.73 | 68.39 | 68.39 | 67.98 | 0.99 |
Physical activity, % | <0.05 | |||||
Low | 35.90 | 32.51 | 33.82 | 32.76 | 31.61 | |
Median | 35.33 | 36.45 | 33.01 | 31.37 | 30.55 | |
High | 28.77 | 31.04 | 33.17 | 35.87 | 37.84 | |
BMI (kg/m2), % | 0.08 | |||||
<18.5 | 6.72 | 7.21 | 6.63 | 7.37 | 5.16 | |
18.5~23.9 | 62.46 | 60.85 | 62.65 | 59.79 | 59.05 | |
≥24.0 | 30.82 | 31.94 | 30.71 | 32.84 | 35.79 | |
Energy(kcal/day) | 2201.10 ± 795.07 | 2049.50 ± 658.96 | 2014.17 ± 611.07 | 2043.68 ± 625.45 | 2335.93 ± 744.84 | <0.05 |
Dietary fibre (mg/day) | 9.02 ± 4.68 | 9.86 ± 5.15 | 10.83 ± 5.51 | 12.34 ± 5.67 | 18.44 ± 11.58 | <0.05 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 295.52 ± 134.24 | 325.25 ± 142.77 | 368.85 ± 221.44 | 406.62 ± 167.17 | 554.98 ± 334.05 | <0.05 |
WC (cm) | 79.69 ± 10.35 | 79.69 ± 9.66 | 79.85 ± 9.96 | 80.66 ± 9.53 | 80.83 ± 11.62 | <0.05 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.70 | 1.19 ± 0.73 | 1.20 ± 0.73 | 1.19 ± 0.83 | 1.21 ± 0.90 | 0.99 |
HDL-C(mmol/L) | 1.44 ± 0.34 | 1.47 ± 0.36 | 1.50 ± 0.38 | 1.50 ± 0.50 | 1.49 ± 0.40 | <0.05 |
SBP (mmHg) | 120.43 ± 15.95 | 120.47 ± 16.43 | 121.58 ± 16.40 | 121.21 ± 16.27 | 122.47 ± 15.00 | <0.05 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.43 ± 9,85 | 77.53 ± 9,84 | 78.69 ± 9.92 | 78.29 ± 10.19 | 79.32 ± 9.42 | <0.05 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.09 ± 0.87 | 5.13 ± 1.07 | 5.10 ± 0.87 | 5.02 ± 0.84 | 5.03 ± 0.97 | <0.05 |
Quintile of Dietary Magnesium Intake (mg/day) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p trend | |
Metabolic syndrome a | ||||||
Median (mg/day) | 202.82 | 242.35 | 271.36 | 305.33 | 370.72 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.77 (0.67, 0.90) * | 0.74 (0.64, 0.85) * | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) * | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.96 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.91) * | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) * | 0.84 (0.72, 0.96) * | 0.95 (0.82,1.09) | 0.60 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) * | 0.72 (0.62, 0.82) * | 0.79 (0.68, 0.92) * | 0.92 (0.78,1.09) | 0.86 |
Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.75 (0.64, 0.88) * | 0.69 (0.59, 0.80) * | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) * | 0.84 (0.71, 0.99) * | 0.32 |
Central obesity b | ||||||
Median (mg/day) | 195.81 | 238.45 | 268.15 | 304.03 | 369.22 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) * | 0.65 (0.56, 0.75) * | 0.70 (0.61, 0.81) * | 0.89 (0.77,1.02) | 0.13 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) * | 0.66 (0.57, 0.77) * | 0.70 (0.60, 0.81) * | 0.89 (0.77,1.02) | 0.12 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) * | 0.63 (0.54, 0.74) * | 0.66 (0.57, 0.78) * | 0.88 (0.74,1.04) | 0.07 |
Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.80 (0.68, 0.94) * | 0.64 (0.54, 0.75) * | 0.65 (0.55, 0.77) * | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) * | <0.05 |
Elevated TG c | ||||||
Median (mg/day) | 194.14 | 236.18 | 265.51 | 300.72 | 365.54 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.70 (0.61, 0.80) * | 0.57 (0.50, 0.65) * | 0.57 (0.50, 0.65) * | 0.66 (0.58, 0.75) * | <0.05 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.71 (0.62, 0.81) * | 0.59 (0.51, 0.67) * | 0.58 (0.50, 0.66) * | 0.67 (0.59, 0.77) * | <0.05 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.66 (0.58, 0.75) * | 0.54 (0.47, 0.62) * | 0.52 (0.45, 0.59) * | 0.60 (0.51, 0.70) * | <0.05 |
Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.67 (0.59, 0.77) * | 0.56 (0.49, 0.65) * | 0.52 (0.45, 0.60) * | 0.59 (0.51, 0.70) * | <0.05 |
Decreased HDL-C d | ||||||
Median (mg/day) | 202.89 | 243.64 | 273.21 | 307.60 | 371.13 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.93 (0.79,1.10) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.92) * | 0.97 (0.82,1.13) | 1.11 (0.95,1.30) | <0.05 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.94 (0.79,1.11) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.92) * | 0.96 (0.82,1.13) | 1.12 (0.95,1.31) | <0.05 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.93 (0.78,1.10) | 0.77 (0.65, 0.92) * | 0.98 (0.82,1.16) | 1.23(1.03,1.48) * | <0.05 |
Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.91 (0.76,1.09) | 0.77 (0.65, 0.93) * | 0.96 (0.80,1.14) | 1.21(1.00,1.47) * | <0.05 |
Elevated BP e | ||||||
Median (mg/day) | 196.72 | 238.93 | 269.01 | 304.21 | 365.07 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.73(0,64, 0.84) * | 0.71 (0.62, 0.81) * | 0.72 (0.64, 0.82) * | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) * | 0.10 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.74 (0.64, 0.84) * | 0.71 (0.62, 0.81) * | 0.72 (0.63, 0.82) * | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) * | 0.10 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.71 (0.62, 0.82) * | 0.68 (0.59, 0.78) * | 0.69 (0.60, 0.79) * | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) * | 0.16 |
Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.72 (0.63, 0.83) * | 0.67 (0.58, 0.77) * | 0.70 (0.61, 0.81) * | 0.80 (0.69, 0.94) * | 0.08 |
Elevated FPG f | ||||||
Median (mg/day) | 195.46 | 237.58 | 267.21 | 303.01 | 366.81 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.71 (0.63, 0.80) * | 0.56 (0.50, 0.63) * | 0.57 (0.51, 0.64) * | 0.63 (0.56, 0.70) * | <0.05 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.73 (0.64, 0.82) * | 0.57 (0.51, 0.65) * | 0.58 (0.51, 0.65) * | 0.64 (0.57, 0.72) * | <0.05 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.68 (0.60, 0.77) * | 0.53 (0.47, 0.60) * | 0.52 (0.46, 0.60) * | 0.60 (0.52, 0.69) * | <0.05 |
Model 4 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.68 (0.60, 0.77) * | 0.53 (0.46, 0.60) * | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) * | 0.58 (0.50, 0.67) * | <0.05 |
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Jiao, Y.; Li, W.; Wang, L.; Jiang, H.; Wang, S.; Jia, X.; Wang, Z.; Wang, H.; Zhang, B.; Ding, G. Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102013
Jiao Y, Li W, Wang L, Jiang H, Wang S, Jia X, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhang B, Ding G. Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102013
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiao, Yingying, Weiyi Li, Liusen Wang, Hongru Jiang, Shaoshunzi Wang, Xiaofang Jia, Zhihong Wang, Huijun Wang, Bing Zhang, and Gangqiang Ding. 2022. "Relationship between Dietary Magnesium Intake and Metabolic Syndrome" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102013