High BMI Predicts Attention to Less Healthy Product Sets: Can a Prompt Lead to Consideration of Healthier Sets of Products?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Design
2.1.1. Limited Product Consideration and Attention to Product Information
2.1.2. Effects of Exposure to a Fiber Information Prompt on Individuals of Differing Weight Status
2.2. Survey Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Bread Products | Cal. | Fat | Sodium | Fiber | Sugar | Price | Subset | Guiding Stars |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dave’s Killer Bread Good Seed | 120 | 3 | 160 | 3 | 5 | 5.99 | High | 2 |
Dave’s Killer Bread Powerseed | 100 | 2.5 | 135 | 4 | 1 | 5.99 | High | 3 |
Dave’s Killer Bread Thin Sliced Good Seed | 70 | 1.5 | 115 | 3 | 2 | 5.99 | High | 2 |
Fiber Up 100% Whole Wheat | 110 | 1.5 | 220 | 8 | 5 | 4.49 | High | 2 |
Fiber Up Multigrain | 110 | 1.5 | 190 | 8 | 4 | 4.49 | High | 2 |
Oroweat Sandwich Thins 100% Whole Wheat | 70 | 2 | 150 | 2 | 1.5 | 3.99 | High | 2 |
Pepperidge Farm 100% Whole Wheat | 120 | 1 | 120 | 3 | 4 | 4.29 | High | 2 |
Pepperidge Farm Whole Grain 15 Grain | 130 | 2.5 | 130 | 3 | 3 | 4.29 | High | 2 |
Thomas’ Light Multi-Grain English Muffin | 50 | 1 | 85 | 4 | 0.5 | 3.49 | High | 2 |
Thomas’ 100% Whole Wheat English Muffin | 60 | 1 | 115 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 3.49 | High | 3 |
Udi’s Omega Flax & Fiber | 75 | 3 | 150 | 3 | 0.5 | 4.79 | High | 2 |
Pepperidge Farm Butter Bread | 120 | 1 | 210 | 1 | 3 | 3.99 | Low | 0 |
Pepperidge Farm Hearty White | 130 | 1 | 230 | 1 | 3 | 3.99 | Low | 0 |
Sara Lee Artesano Brioche | 110 | 1.5 | 190 | 0.5 | 3 | 3.69 | Low | 0 |
Sara Lee Artesano Golden Wheat | 100 | 1.5 | 180 | 1 | 3 | 3.69 | Low | 0 |
Thomas’ Bagels Blueberry | 140 | 1 | 195 | 1 | 4.5 | 4.69 | Low | 0 |
Thomas’ Bagels Cinnamon Swirl | 140 | 1 | 195 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 4.69 | Low | 0 |
Thomas’ Bagels Plain | 135 | 1 | 225 | 1 | 3 | 4.69 | Low | 0 |
Thomas’ English Muffin Cinnamon Raisin | 150 | 0.5 | 180 | 2 | 4 | 4.49 | Low | 0 |
Thomas’ English Muffin Original | 75 | 0.5 | 120 | 0.5 | 2 | 4.49 | Low | 0 |
Udi’s Gluten-Free Plain Bagel | 160 | 5 | 295 | 1.5 | 0 | 4.98 | Low | 0 |
Udi’s Gluten-Free White | 70 | 2 | 135 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 4.98 | Low | 0 |
Dave’s Killer Bread White | 110 | 2 | 180 | 2 | 2 | 5.99 | Medium | 1 |
Oroweat Whole Grains 12 Grain | 100 | 2 | 160 | 3 | 2 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Oroweat Whole Grains Oatnut | 110 | 2 | 135 | 2 | 3 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Sara Lee 100% Whole Wheat | 60 | 1 | 120 | 2 | 1 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Sara Lee Butter Bread | 70 | 0.5 | 110 | 0 | 1 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Sara Lee Delightful 45 Calories 100% Whole Wheat | 45 | 0.5 | 100 | 1.5 | 1 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Sara Lee Delightful 45 Calories Multi-Grain | 45 | 0.5 | 85 | 1.5 | 1 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Sara Lee Honey Wheat | 70 | 1 | 120 | 0.5 | 1 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Thomas’ Bagel 100% Whole Wheat | 125 | 0.5 | 125 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 4.69 | Medium | 1 |
Thomas’ Bagel Thins Plain | 55 | 0.5 | 105 | 2 | 1 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Udi’s Gluten-Free Millet-Chia | 75 | 2 | 150 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 4.79 | Medium | 1 |
Cereals | Cal. | Fat | Sodium | Fiber | Sugar | Price | Subset | Guiding Stars |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All-Bran Buds | 120 | 2 | 95 | 12 | 9 | 4.49 | High | 2 |
Cheerios | 140 | 2.5 | 190 | 4 | 2 | 3.49 | High | 2 |
Fiber One Original | 90 | 1.5 | 140 | 14 | 0 | 4.29 | High | 3 |
Frosted Mini-Wheats Original | 140 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 2.88 | High | 2 |
Grape-Nuts | 138 | 1 | 193 | 5 | 3 | 3.12 | High | 3 |
Great Grains Raisins Dates Pecans | 200 | 1 | 150 | 5 | 13 | 3.18 | High | 2 |
Kashi Berry Fruitful | 125 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 3.97 | High | 2 |
Multi-Grain Cheerios | 150 | 2 | 150 | 4 | 8 | 3.49 | High | 2 |
Shredded Wheat | 140 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2.88 | High | 3 |
Wheat Chex | 142 | 1 | 231 | 5 | 4 | 3.79 | High | 2 |
Wheaties | 144 | 0.5 | 267 | 4 | 6 | 4.29 | High | 2 |
Apple Jacks | 150 | 1.5 | 210 | 2 | 13 | 3.68 | Low | 0 |
Cap’n Crunch’s Crunch Berries | 150 | 2 | 270 | 0.5 | 16 | 2.79 | Low | 0 |
Cookie Crisp | 155 | 3 | 170 | 2 | 13 | 3.49 | Low | 0 |
Corn Pops | 150 | 0.5 | 140 | 0 | 12 | 3.68 | Low | 0 |
Froot Loops | 152 | 1.5 | 210 | 4 | 14 | 3.29 | Low | 0 |
Frosted Flakes | 140 | 0 | 200 | 0.5 | 14 | 3.29 | Low | 0 |
Fruity Pebbles | 155 | 2 | 210 | 0 | 13 | 2.99 | Low | 0 |
Honey Comb | 160 | 1 | 190 | 1 | 13 | 3.19 | Low | 0 |
Lucky Charms | 155 | 2 | 255 | 2 | 13 | 3.4 | Low | 0 |
Reese’s Puffs | 170 | 4.5 | 210 | 2 | 12 | 2.99 | Low | 0 |
Trix | 160 | 2 | 180 | 1 | 12 | 3.46 | Low | 0 |
Crispix | 150 | 0 | 260 | 0 | 5 | 3.68 | Medium | 1 |
Corn Flakes | 150 | 0 | 300 | 1 | 4 | 3.78 | Medium | 1 |
Golden Grahams | 160 | 1 | 300 | 2 | 12 | 3.49 | Medium | 1 |
Oatmeal Squares | 150 | 2 | 136 | 4 | 6 | 4.48 | Medium | 1 |
Special K Banana | 160 | 2.5 | 230 | 3 | 9 | 3.19 | Medium | 1 |
Special K Blueberry with Lemon Clusters | 150 | 1 | 260 | 3 | 12 | 3.19 | Medium | 1 |
Special K Cinnamon Brown Sugar Crunch Protein | 160 | 1 | 230 | 4 | 12 | 3.19 | Medium | 1 |
Special K Cinnamon Pecan | 160 | 2.5 | 280 | 3 | 10 | 3.19 | Medium | 1 |
Special K Original Protein | 142 | 1 | 176 | 3 | 5 | 3.19 | Medium | 1 |
Special K Raspberry | 150 | 0.5 | 230 | 3 | 12 | 3.19 | Medium | 1 |
Special K Red Berries | 140 | 0.5 | 250 | 3 | 11 | 3.19 | Medium | 1 |
Crackers | Cal. | Fat | Sodium | Fiber | Sugar | Price | Subset | Guiding Stars |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue Diamond Artisan Nut Thins Flax Seeds | 130 | 3.5 | 135 | 2 | 0 | 3.99 | High | 2 |
Farmhouse Cheddar Almond Flour | 150 | 8 | 270 | 1 | 0.5 | 5.69 | High | 2 |
Farmhouse Sprouted Seed Original | 140 | 8 | 210 | 3 | 0 | 5.69 | High | 2 |
Pepperidge Farm Goldfish Baked with Whole Grain | 140 | 5 | 240 | 2 | 0 | 2.49 | High | 2 |
Triscuit Balsamic Vinegar & Basil | 130 | 4 | 130 | 3 | 0.5 | 3.38 | High | 2 |
Triscuit Cracked Pepper and Olive Oil | 130 | 4.5 | 150 | 3 | 0 | 3.38 | High | 2 |
Triscuit Original | 130 | 4.5 | 170 | 4 | 0 | 3.38 | High | 2 |
Triscuit Reduced Fat Crackers | 120 | 2.5 | 160 | 4 | 0 | 3.38 | High | 2 |
Wasa Light Rye | 67 | 0 | 117 | 7 | 0 | 3.49 | High | 3 |
Wasa Multi-Grain | 75 | 0 | 139 | 6 | 0 | 3.49 | High | 2 |
Wasa Whole Grain | 69 | 0 | 115 | 7 | 0 | 3.49 | High | 2 |
Cheez-It Hot & Spicy | 150 | 8 | 220 | 1 | 0 | 3.69 | Low | 0 |
Cheez-It Original | 150 | 8 | 230 | 1 | 0 | 3.69 | Low | 0 |
Cheez-It Pepper Jack | 150 | 7 | 270 | 1 | 0.5 | 3.69 | Low | 0 |
Cheez-It White Cheddar | 150 | 7 | 210 | 1 | 0 | 3.69 | Low | 0 |
Keebler Cheese & Peanut Butter | 145 | 7 | 240 | 0.5 | 3 | 3.59 | Low | 0 |
Keebler Club & Cheddar | 145 | 7 | 240 | 0.5 | 4 | 3.59 | Low | 0 |
Keebler Original Club | 150 | 6.5 | 268 | 0 | 2 | 2.99 | Low | 0 |
Keebler Town House Flipside Pretzel Original | 140 | 7 | 380 | 0 | 2 | 4.49 | Low | 0 |
Keebler Town House Original | 150 | 9.5 | 280 | 0 | 2 | 4.49 | Low | 0 |
Keebler Town House Sea Salt Pita Crackers | 140 | 5 | 270 | 0 | 0.5 | 4.49 | Low | 0 |
Nabisco Ritz Original Classic | 150 | 8.5 | 244 | 0 | 2 | 3.38 | Low | 0 |
Crunchmaster Multi-Grain Sea Salt | 120 | 3 | 140 | 3 | 1 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Crunchmaster Multi-Seed Original | 140 | 5 | 110 | 2 | 0 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Crunchmaster Multi-Seed Roasted Garlic | 140 | 5.5 | 135 | 2 | 0 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Crunchmaster Multi-Seed Rosemary & Olive Oil | 140 | 5 | 90 | 2 | 0 | 3.99 | Medium | 1 |
Good Thins: The Beet One—Balsamic Vinegar & Sea Salt | 130 | 4 | 160 | 2 | 3 | 4.38 | Medium | 1 |
Good Thins: The Cheese One—White Cheddar | 130 | 4 | 180 | 2 | 2 | 4.38 | Medium | 1 |
Good Thins: The Potato One—Spinach & Garlic | 130 | 4 | 190 | 3 | 1 | 3.38 | Medium | 1 |
Good Thins: The Rice One—Simply Salt | 130 | 1.5 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 3.38 | Medium | 1 |
Good Thins: The Rice One—Veggie Blend | 120 | 1.5 | 90 | 1 | 2 | 3.38 | Medium | 1 |
Nabisco Wheat Thins Multigrain | 130 | 4 | 190 | 2 | 3 | 3.38 | Medium | 1 |
Pepperidge Farm Goldfish Cheddar | 140 | 5 | 250 | 0.5 | 0 | 2.49 | Medium | 1 |
Appendix B
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight | 1.13 (0.80, 1.59) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.59) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.56) | 1.03 (0.73, 1.47) | 1.24 (0.68, 2.28) | 1.11 (0.60, 2.05) |
Obese | 0.59 (0.44, 0.79) | 0.59 (0.43, 0.79) | 0.59 (0.44, 0.79) | 0.59 (0.44, 0.80) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.95) | 0.55 (0.33, 0.91) |
Prompt | 1.60 (1.22, 2.11) | 1.65 (1.25, 2.18) | 1.64 (1.08, 2.50) | 1.62 (1.06, 2.48) | ||
Overweight × Prompt | 0.85 (0.41, 1.77) | 0.91 (0.43, 1.89) | ||||
Obese × Prompt | 1.03 (0.56, 1.91) | 1.11 (0.60, 2.08) | ||||
Demographic Controls? | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
N | 749 | 739 | 749 | 739 | 749 | 739 |
AIC | 2039.1 | 2004.2 | 2029.7 | 1993.5 | 2033.4 | 1997.2 |
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Control | Prompt | |
---|---|---|
Female (%) | 36% | 35% |
Age (Years) | 37.2 (10.5) | 36.6 (10.4) |
Household Income (USD 10,000 s) | 61.9 (28.9) | 59.6 (28.5) |
Education (Years) | 15.9 (2.1) | 15.8 (2.0) |
BMI | 25.5 (5.9) | 25.5 (6.9) |
N | 253 | 500 |
Category | Normal Weight | Overweight | Obese |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 42.8% | 20.4% | 36.8% |
Prompt | 43.0% | 22.1% | 34.9% |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.53 *** (0.02) | 0.69 *** (0.03) | 0.47 *** (0.03) | 0.62 *** (0.11) | 0.47 *** (0.03) | 0.62 *** (0.11) |
Overweight | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) |
Obese | −0.10 *** (0.03) | −0.10 *** (0.03) | −0.10 *** (0.03) | −0.10 *** (0.03) | −0.10 * (0.05) | −0.11 * (0.05) |
Prompt | 0.09 *** (0.03) | 0.09 *** (0.03) | 0.09 * (0.04) | 0.09 * (0.04) | ||
Overweight × Prompt | −0.03 (0.07) | −0.02 (0.07) | ||||
Obese × Prompt | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | ||||
Demographic Controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
N | 749 | 739 | 749 | 739 | 749 | 739 |
Adj. R2 | 0.021 | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.050 | 0.032 | 0.048 |
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Gustafson, C.R.; Arslain, K.; Rose, D.J. High BMI Predicts Attention to Less Healthy Product Sets: Can a Prompt Lead to Consideration of Healthier Sets of Products? Nutrients 2021, 13, 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082620
Gustafson CR, Arslain K, Rose DJ. High BMI Predicts Attention to Less Healthy Product Sets: Can a Prompt Lead to Consideration of Healthier Sets of Products? Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082620
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustafson, Christopher R., Kristina Arslain, and Devin J. Rose. 2021. "High BMI Predicts Attention to Less Healthy Product Sets: Can a Prompt Lead to Consideration of Healthier Sets of Products?" Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2620. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082620