The Relationship between Music and Food Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.1.1. Volume of Music
1.1.2. Type of Music
1.1.3. Speed of Music
1.1.4. Variety of Food Type
1.1.5. Eating Location and Sample Size
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search
2.2. Selection Criteria
2.3. Coding of Studies
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Descriptive Characteristics of the Included Studies
3.3. Quality Assessment of the Included Studies
3.4. Outlier Detection
3.5. Overall Analysis
3.6. Publication Bias
3.7. Moderator Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Drewnowski, A.; Bellisle, F. The Control of Food Intake. In Nutrition and Metabolism; Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK, 2003; pp. 318–323. [Google Scholar]
- Mayer, J. Glucostatic Mechanism of Regulation of Food Intake. Obes. Res. 1996, 4, 493–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Castro, J.M. When Identical Twins Differ: An Analysis of Intrapair Differences in the Spontaneous Eating Behavior and Attitudes of Free-Living Monozygotic Twins. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 82, 733–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Castro, J.M. Genes, the Environment and the Control of Food Intake. Br. J. Nutr. 2004, 92, S59–S62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bell, R.; Pliner, P.L. Time to Eat: The Relationship between the Number of People Eating and Meal Duration in Three Lunch Settings. Appetite 2003, 41, 215–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Castro, J.M.; Plunkett, S. A General Model of Intake Regulation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2002, 26, 581–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rozin, P.; Tuorila, H. Simultaneous and Temporal Contextual Influences on Food Acceptance. Food Qual. Prefer. 1993, 4, 11–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stroebele, N.; De Castro, J.M. Effect of Ambience on Food Intake and Food Choice. Nutrition 2004, 20, 821–838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wansink, B. Environmental Factors That Increase the Food Intake and Consumption Volume of Unknowing Consumers. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2004, 24, 455–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berthoud, H.-R. The Neurobiology of Food Intake in an Obesogenic Environment. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2012, 71, 478–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lock, C.; Brindal, E.; Hendrie, G.A.; Cox, D.N. Contextual and Environmental Influences on Reported Dietary Energy Intake at Evening Eating Occasions. Eat. Behav. 2016, 21, 155–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stroebele, N.; de Castro, J.M. Listening to Music While Eating Is Related to Increases in People’s Food Intake and Meal Duration. Appetite 2006, 47, 285–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karapetsa, A.A.; Karapetsas, A.V.; Maria, B.; Laskaraki, I.-R.M. The Role of Music on Eating Behavior. Encephalos 2015, 52, 59–63. [Google Scholar]
- Van Den Bosch, I.; Salimpoor, V.; Zatorre, R.J. Familiarity Mediates the Relationship between Emotional Arousal and Pleasure during Music Listening. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2013, 7, 534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van der Zwaag, M.D.; Westerink, J.H.; Van den Broek, E.L. Emotional and Psychophysiological Responses to Tempo, Mode, and Percussiveness. Music. Sci. 2011, 15, 250–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Privitera, G.J.; Diaz, M.; Haas, M.C. Enhanced Auditory Arousal Increases Intake of Less Palatable and Healthier Foods. Glob. J. Health Sci. 2014, 6, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Loui, P.; Bachorik, J.; Li, H.C.; Schlaug, G. Effects of Voice on Emotional Arousal. Front. Psychol. 2013, 4, 675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Weiss, M.W.; Trehub, S.E.; Schellenberg, E.G. Something in the Way She Sings: Enhanced Memory for Vocal Melodies. Psychol. Sci. 2012, 23, 1074–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereira, C.S.; Teixeira, J.; Figueiredo, P.; Xavier, J.; Castro, S.L.; Brattico, E. Music and Emotions in the Brain: Familiarity Matters. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e27241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yalch, R.F.; Spangenberg, E.R. The Effects of Music in a Retail Setting on Real and Perceived Shopping Times. J. Bus. Res. 2000, 49, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rickard, N.S. Intense Emotional Responses to Music: A Test of the Physiological Arousal Hypothesis. Psychol. Music 2004, 32, 371–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, L.J.; van der Bilt, A. The Influence of Oral Processing, Food Perception and Social Aspects on Food Consumption: A Review. J. Oral Rehabil. 2016, 43, 630–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bellisle, F.; Dalix, A.M.; Slama, G. Non Food-Related Environmental Stimuli Induce Increased Meal Intake in Healthy Women: Comparison of Television Viewing versus Listening to a Recorded Story in Laboratory Settings. Appetite 2004, 43, 175–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellisle, F.; Dalix, A.-M. Cognitive Restraint Can Be Offset by Distraction, Leading to Increased Meal Intake in Women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 74, 197–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reinoso-Carvalho, F.; Dakduk, S.; Wagemans, J.; Spence, C. Not Just Another Pint! The Role of Emotion Induced by Music on the Consumer’s Tasting Experience. Multisens. Res. 2019, 32, 367–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziv, N. Musical Flavor: The Effect of Background Music and Presentation Order on Taste. Eur. J. Mark. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spence, C.; Reinoso-Carvalho, F.; Velasco, C.; Wang, Q.J. Extrinsic Auditory Contributions to Food Perception & Consumer Behaviour: An Interdisciplinary Review. Multisens. Res. 2019, 32, 275–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kantono, K.; Hamid, N.; Shepherd, D.; Lin, Y.H.T.; Skiredj, S.; Carr, B.T. Emotional and Electrophysiological Measures Correlate to Flavour Perception in the Presence of Music. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 199, 154–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Macht, M. How Emotions Affect Eating: A Five-Way Model. Appetite 2008, 50, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Divert, C.; Laghmaoui, R.; Crema, C.; Issanchou, S.; Wymelbeke, V.V.; Sulmont-Rossé, C. Improving Meal Context in Nursing Homes. Impact of Four Strategies on Food Intake and Meal Pleasure. Appetite 2015, 84, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mamalaki, E.; Zachari, K.; Karfopoulou, E.; Zervas, E.; Yannakoulia, M. Presence of Music While Eating: Effects on Energy Intake, Eating Rate and Appetite Sensations. Physiol. Behav. 2017, 168, 31–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Péneau, S.; Mekhmoukh, A.; Chapelot, D.; Dalix, A.-M.; Airinei, G.; Hercberg, S.; Bellisle, F. Influence of Environmental Factors on Food Intake and Choice of Beverage during Meals in Teenagers: A Laboratory Study. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 102, 1854–1859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guéguen, N.; Jacob, C.; Le Guellec, H.; Morineau, T.; Lourel, M. Sound Level of Environmental Music and Drinking Behavior: A Field Experiment with Beer Drinkers. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32, 1795–1798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCarron, A.; Tierney, K.J. The Effect of Auditory Stimulation on the Consumption of Soft Drinks. Appetite 1989, 13, 155–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stafford, L.D.; Dodd, H. Music Increases Alcohol Consumption Rate in Young Females. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2013, 21, 408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lindman, R.; Lindfors, B.; Dahla, E.; Toivola, H. Alcohol and Ambience: Social and Environmental Determinants of Intake and Mood. Alcohol Alcohol. Oxf. Oxfs. Suppl. 1987, 1, 385–388. [Google Scholar]
- Hussain, M.; Egan, H.; Keyte, R.; Mantzios, M. Exploring the Environmental Manifestation of Types of Music on Reinforcing Mindfulness and Concurrent Calorie Intake. Psychol. Rep. 2020, 003329412096727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- North, A.C.; Shilcock, A.; Hargreaves, D.J. The Effect of Musical Style on Restaurant Customers’ Spending. Environ. Behav. 2003, 35, 712–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, E.; Blissett, J.; Higgs, S. Changing Memory of Food Enjoyment to Increase Food Liking, Choice and Intake. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 108, 1505–1510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Novak, C.C.; La Lopa, J.; Novak, R.E. Effects of Sound Pressure Levels and Sensitivity to Noise on Mood and Behavioral Intent in a Controlled Fine Dining Restaurant Environment. J. Culin. Sci. Technol. 2010, 8, 191–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milliman, R.E. The Influence of Background Music on the Behavior of Restaurant Patrons. J. Consum. Res. 1986, 13, 286–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roballey, T.C.; McGreevy, C.; Rongo, R.R.; Schwantes, M.L.; Steger, P.J.; Wininger, M.A.; Gardner, E.B. The Effect of Music on Eating Behavior. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 1985, 23, 221–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wansink, B.; Van Ittersum, K. Fast Food Restaurant Lighting and Music Can Reduce Calorie Intake and Increase Satisfaction. Psychol. Rep. 2012, 111, 228–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ohkuma, T.; Hirakawa, Y.; Nakamura, U.; Kiyohara, Y.; Kitazono, T.; Ninomiya, T. Association between Eating Rate and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Obes. 2015, 39, 1589–1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McElrea, H.; Standing, L. Fast Music Causes Fast Drinking. Percept. Mot. Skills 1992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caldwell, C.; Hibbert, S.A. The Influence of Music Tempo and Musical Preference on Restaurant Patrons’ Behavior. Psychol. Mark. 2002, 19, 895–917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raynor, H.A.; Osterholt, K.M. Greater Variety of Fruit Served in a Four-Course Snack Increases Fruit Consumption. Appetite 2012, 59, 662–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolls, B.J.; Roe, L.S.; Meengs, J.S. Portion Size Can Be Used Strategically to Increase Vegetable Consumption in Adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 913–922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bieleninik, Ł.; Ghetti, C.; Gold, C. Music Therapy for Preterm Infants and Their Parents: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics 2016, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Krop, E.M.; Hetherington, M.M.; Nekitsing, C.; Miquel, S.; Postelnicu, L.; Sarkar, A. Influence of Oral Processing on Appetite and Food Intake–a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Appetite 2018, 125, 253–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.H. The Effects of Music on Pain: A Meta-Analysis. J. Music Ther. 2016, 53, 430–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pedersen, S.K.; Andersen, P.N.; Lugo, R.G.; Andreassen, M.; Sütterlin, S. Effects of Music on Agitation in Dementia: A Meta-Analysis. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pelletier, C.L. The Effect of Music on Decreasing Arousal Due to Stress: A Meta-Analysis. J. Music Ther. 2004, 41, 192–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, E.; Aveyard, P.; Daley, A.; Jolly, K.; Lewis, A.; Lycett, D.; Higgs, S. Eating Attentively: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Food Intake Memory and Awareness on Eating. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 97, 728–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vartanian, L.R.; Spanos, S.; Herman, C.P.; Polivy, J. Modeling of Food Intake: A Meta-Analytic Review. Soc. Influ. 2015, 10, 119–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Whipple, J. Music in Intervention for Children and Adolescents with Autism: A Meta-Analysis. J. Music Ther. 2004, 41, 90–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morrison, A.; Polisena, J.; Husereau, D.; Moulton, K.; Clark, M.; Fiander, M.; Mierzwinski-Urban, M.; Clifford, T.; Hutton, B.; Rabb, D. The Effect of English-Language Restriction on Systematic Review-Based Meta-Analyses: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies. Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care 2012, 28, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, J.; Sun, S.; Lin, Z.; Fan, X. The Association between Body Appreciation and Body Mass Index among Males and Females: A Meta-Analysis. Body Image 2020, 34, 10–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schmucker, C.M.; Blümle, A.; Schell, L.K.; Schwarzer, G.; Oeller, P.; Cabrera, L.; von Elm, E.; Briel, M.; Meerpohl, J.J.; OPEN Consortium. Systematic Review Finds That Study Data Not Published in Full Text Articles Have Unclear Impact on Meta-Analyses Results in Medical Research. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0176210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Moyer, A.; Schneider, S.; Knapp-Oliver, S.K.; Sohl, S.J. Published versus Unpublished Dissertations in Psycho-Oncology Intervention Research. Psycho-Oncol. J. Psychol. Soc. Behav. Dimens. Cancer 2010, 19, 313–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferguson, C.J.; Brannick, M.T. Publication Bias in Psychological Science: Prevalence, Methods for Identifying and Controlling, and Implications for the Use of Meta-Analyses. Psychol. Methods 2012, 17, 120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Engels, R.C.M.E.; Poelen, E.A.P.; Spijkerman, R.; Ter Bogt, T. The Effects of Music Genre on Young People’s Alcohol Consumption: An Experimental Observational Study. Subst. Use Misuse 2012, 47, 180–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaiser, D.; Silberberger, S.; Hilzendegen, C.; Stroebele-Benschop, N. The Influence of Music Type and Transmission Mode on Food Intake and Meal Duration: An Experimental Study. Psychol. Music 2016, 44, 1419–1430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hedges, L.V. Distribution Theory for Glass’s Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators. J. Educ. Stat. 1981, 6, 107–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J. A Power Primer. Psychol. Bull. 1992, 112, 155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhodes, R.E.; Gray, S.M.; Husband, C. Experimental Manipulation of Affective Judgments about Physical Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Adults. Health Psychol. Rev. 2019, 13, 18–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Team, R.C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Viechtbauer, W. Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the Metafor Package. J. Stat. Softw. 2010, 36, 1–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Assink, M.; Wibbelink, C.J.M. Fitting Three-Level Meta-Analytic Models in R: A Step-by-Step Tutorial. Quant. Methods Psychol. 2016, 12, 154–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cheung, M.W.-L. Modeling Dependent Effect Sizes with Three-Level Meta-Analyses: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Psychol. Methods 2014, 19, 211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van den Noortgate, W.; López-López, J.A.; Marín-Martínez, F.; Sánchez-Meca, J. Three-Level Meta-Analysis of Dependent Effect Sizes. Behav. Res. Methods 2013, 45, 576–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Viechtbauer, W.; Cheung, M.W. Outlier and Influence Diagnostics for Meta-analysis. Res. Synth. Methods 2010, 1, 112–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Higgins, J.P.T.; Thomas, J.; Chandler, J.; Cumpston, M.; Li, T.; Page, M.J.; Welch, V.A. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2019; ISBN 1119536618. [Google Scholar]
- Begg, C.B.; Mazumdar, M. Operating Characteristics of a Rank Correlation Test for Publication Bias. Biometrics 1994, 50, 1088–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mekhmoukh, A.; Chapelot, D.; Bellisle, F. Influence of Environmental Factors on Meal Intake in Overweight and Normal-Weight Male Adolescents. A Laboratory Study. Appetite 2012, 59, 90–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hedges, L.V.; Pigott, T.D. The Power of Statistical Tests for Moderators in Meta-Analysis. Psychol. Methods 2004, 9, 426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Moderator Variables | No. Studies | No. ES | β0 | 95% CI | β1 | 95% CI | F (df1, df2) | Level 2 Variance | Level 3 Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Publication year | 8 | 38 | 36.827 | (−6.978; 80.631) | −0.018 | (−0.040; 0.004) | 2.878 (1, 36) | 0.005 | 0.037 * |
Percentage males | 8 | 38 | 0.137 | (−0.261; 0.535) | 0.121 | (−0.619; 0.861) | 0.109 (1, 36) | 0.004 | 0.064 *** |
Age (year) | 8 | 38 | 0.144 | (−0.233; 0.521) | 0.001 | (−0.007; 0.009) | 0.100 (1, 36) | 0.004 | 0.066 *** |
BMI | 6 | 23 | −2.574 * | (−5.097; −0.50) | 0.114* | (0.009; 0.220) | 5.110 (1, 21) * | 0.002 | 0.028 |
Country | |||||||||
United States | 1 | 5 | 0.330 | (−0.201; 0.861) | – | – | 0.323 (1, 36) | 0.004 | 0.063 *** |
Europe | 7 | 33 | 0.168 | (−0.054; 0.391) | 0.161 | (−0.415; 0.738) | |||
Experimental design | |||||||||
Between group | 3 | 8 | 0.105 | (−0.277; 0.488) | – | – | 0.263 (2, 35) | 0.005 | 0.068 * |
Within group | 3 | 18 | 0.280 | (−0.052; 0.613) | 0.175 | (−0.332; 0.682) | |||
Mixed | 2 | 12 | 0.162 | (−0.240; 0.565) | 0.057 | (−0.498; 0.613) | |||
Type of music | |||||||||
Pop | 4 | 9 | 0.217 | (−0.044; 0.479) | – | – | 0.471 (2, 35) | 0.007 | 0.045 |
Classical | 1 | 3 | 0.025 | (−0.404; 0.455) | −0.192 | (−0.594; 0.210) | |||
Other | 6 | 26 | 0.194 | (−0.008; 0.396) | −0.023 | (−0.294; 0.247) | |||
Volume of music | |||||||||
High | 3 | 5 | 0.341 | (−0.655; 1.337) | – | – | 0.277 (1, 16) | 0.004 | 0.114 ** |
Low | 4 | 14 | 0.072 | (−0.358; 0.502) | −0.269 | (−1.354; 0.816) | |||
Source of sample | |||||||||
High school | 1 | 1 | 0.341 | (−0.534; 1.216) | – | – | 0.311 (3, 34) | 0.004 | 0.079 *** |
University | 3 | 17 | 0.073 | (−0.275; 0.422) | −0.268 | (−1.210; 0.674) | |||
Clinical context | 2 | 15 | 0.245 | (−0.185; 0.675) | −0.096 | (−1.071; 0.879) | |||
Other | 2 | 5 | 0.311 | (−0.154; 0.777) | −0.030 | (−1.021; 0.962) | |||
Meal duration | |||||||||
Autonomous | 6 | 33 | 0.193 | (−0.037; 0.423) | – | – | 0.000 (1, 36) | 0.004 | 0.065 *** |
Controlled | 2 | 5 | 0.192 | (−0.290; 0.674) | −0.001 | (−0.536; 0.533) | |||
Type of food | |||||||||
Solid | 5 | 20 | 0.046 | (−0.226; 0.318) | – | – | 0.958 (1, 28) | 0.000 | 0.060 ** |
Mixed | 4 | 10 | 0.202 | (−0.107; 0.512) | 0.156 | (−0.171; 0.484) | |||
Experimental setting | |||||||||
Lab | 4 | 17 | 0.033 | (−0.239; 0.305) | – | – | 1.292 (2, 35) | 0.004 | 0.048 ** |
Natural | 3 | 12 | 0.305 * | (0.014; 0.596) | 0.272 | (−0.127; 0.671) | |||
Other | 1 | 9 | 0.373 | (−0.119; 0.865) | 0.340 | (−0.222; 0.903) | |||
Experiment duration | – | – | |||||||
Long | 4 | 22 | 0.246 | (−0.051; 0.543) | – | – | 0.257 (1, 36) | 0.004 | 0.063 * |
Short | 4 | 16 | 0.143 | (−0.142; 0.428) | −0.103 | (−0.514; 0.309) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cui, T.; Xi, J.; Tang, C.; Song, J.; He, J.; Brytek-Matera, A. The Relationship between Music and Food Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082571
Cui T, Xi J, Tang C, Song J, He J, Brytek-Matera A. The Relationship between Music and Food Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082571
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Tianxiang, Jiaxuan Xi, Chanyuan Tang, Jianwen Song, Jinbo He, and Anna Brytek-Matera. 2021. "The Relationship between Music and Food Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082571
APA StyleCui, T., Xi, J., Tang, C., Song, J., He, J., & Brytek-Matera, A. (2021). The Relationship between Music and Food Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13(8), 2571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082571