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Nutrients
Volume 13
Issue 6
10.3390/nu13062009
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Article

Free and Total Amino Acids in Human Milk in Relation to Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Infant Health Outcomes: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study

by
Joris H. J. van Sadelhoff
1,*,
Linda P. Siziba
2,
Lisa Buchenauer
2,
Marko Mank
3,
Selma P. Wiertsema
3,
Astrid Hogenkamp
1,
Bernd Stahl
3,4,
Johan Garssen
1,3,
Dietrich Rothenbacher
5 and
Jon Genuneit
2,5
1
Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
2
Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
3
Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
4
Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
5
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89079 Ulm, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062009
Submission received: 30 April 2021 / Revised: 2 June 2021 / Accepted: 8 June 2021 / Published: 10 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)
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Abstract

Free amino acids (FAAs) are important regulators of key pathways necessary for growth, development, and immunity. Data on FAAs in human milk (HM) and their roles in infant development are limited. We investigated the levels of FAAs and total amino acids (TAA, i.e., the sum of conjugated amino acids and FAAs) in HM in relation to infant and maternal characteristics and immunological conditions. FAA and TAA levels in HM sampled at 6 weeks (n = 671) and 6 months (n = 441) of lactation were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Child growth was ascertained at 4–5 weeks and at 6–7 months of age. Child allergy and lower respiratory tract infections were assessed in the first years of life. Associations of amino acid (AA) levels in HM with child growth and health outcomes were determined by Spearman correlation and modified Poisson regression, respectively. Free glutamine, glutamate, and serine in 6-week HM positively correlated with infant weight gain in the first 4–5 weeks of age. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and body mass index (BMI) were negatively correlated with free glutamine and asparagine in 6-week and 6-month HM and positively correlated with the sum of TAAs in 6-month HM, but significance was lost following confounder adjustment. Free glutamine was lower in 6-month HM of mothers with an allergy (either active or non-active). No consistent associations were found between FAAs in HM and child health outcomes. However, potential negative associations were observed between specific FAAs and the risk of food allergy. These results suggest that specific FAAs play a role in infant growth. Moreover, these findings warrant further investigations into the relation of FAAs in HM with infant health outcomes and maternal allergy.
Keywords: human milk; breastfeeding; lactation; free amino acids; growth; allergy human milk; breastfeeding; lactation; free amino acids; growth; allergy

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MDPI and ACS Style

van Sadelhoff, J.H.J.; Siziba, L.P.; Buchenauer, L.; Mank, M.; Wiertsema, S.P.; Hogenkamp, A.; Stahl, B.; Garssen, J.; Rothenbacher, D.; Genuneit, J. Free and Total Amino Acids in Human Milk in Relation to Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Infant Health Outcomes: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062009

AMA Style

van Sadelhoff JHJ, Siziba LP, Buchenauer L, Mank M, Wiertsema SP, Hogenkamp A, Stahl B, Garssen J, Rothenbacher D, Genuneit J. Free and Total Amino Acids in Human Milk in Relation to Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Infant Health Outcomes: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062009

Chicago/Turabian Style

van Sadelhoff, Joris H. J., Linda P. Siziba, Lisa Buchenauer, Marko Mank, Selma P. Wiertsema, Astrid Hogenkamp, Bernd Stahl, Johan Garssen, Dietrich Rothenbacher, and Jon Genuneit. 2021. "Free and Total Amino Acids in Human Milk in Relation to Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Infant Health Outcomes: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study" Nutrients 13, no. 6: 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062009

APA Style

van Sadelhoff, J. H. J., Siziba, L. P., Buchenauer, L., Mank, M., Wiertsema, S. P., Hogenkamp, A., Stahl, B., Garssen, J., Rothenbacher, D., & Genuneit, J. (2021). Free and Total Amino Acids in Human Milk in Relation to Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Infant Health Outcomes: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients, 13(6), 2009. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062009

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