Potential Protective Protein Components of Cow’s Milk against Certain Tumor Entities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Composition of Cow’s Milk
3. Milk Proteins and Processed Peptides with Chemopreventive Properties
3.1. Casein Proteins and Processed Peptides
3.1.1. Caseins and Casomorphines
3.1.2. Casein Phosphopeptides
3.2. Whey Proteins and Processed Peptides
3.2.1. Lactoferrin
3.2.2. Lactoferricin
3.2.3. α-Lactalbumin and Bovine α-Lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor Cells (BAMLET)
3.2.4. β-Lactoglobulin
3.3. Milk Fat Globule Membrane
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BAMLET | bovine α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells |
BCM | βb-casomorphin |
bLf | bovine lactoferrin |
BSA | bovine serum albumin |
BTN | butyrophilin |
CLA | conjugated linoleic acid |
CLD | cytoplasmatic lipid droplet |
CN | casein |
CPP | caseinphosphopeptide |
DMBA | 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene |
DMH-DSS | 1,2-dimethylhydrazine/dextran sulphate sodium |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
FAS | Foreign Agricultural Service |
HAMLET | human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells |
HBP | hamster buccal pouch |
hLf | human lactoferrin |
LAK | lymphokine-activated killer |
Lf | lactoferrin |
Lfcin | lactoferricin |
LfcinB | bovine lactoferricin |
LfR | Lf receptor |
MFGM | milk fat globule membrane |
MLD | microlipid droplet |
MLN | mesenteric lymph nodes |
MUC1 | mucin-1 |
NK | natural killer |
PAS6/7 | periodic acid Schiff 6/7 |
NPC | nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
PDK1 | 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 |
PEG | polyethylene glycol |
PMNL | polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
PP | Peyer´s patches |
USDA | United States Department of Agriculture |
WHO | World Health Organization |
XO | xanthine oxidoreductase |
α-LA | α-lactalbumin |
β-LG | β-lactoglobulin |
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Proteins | Tumor Species | Effects and Potential Mechanism | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Casein proteins | CNs | α-, β-, κ-caseins | Breast cancer (human): MCF10A H Ras (G12V), MDA-MB-231 | Decreased cell migration | [24] |
Mammary tumor (murine): Met-1 | Decreased cell migration, tumor growth, Metastasis, activation of STAT1 signaling, apoptosis induction (shown for α-CN) | ||||
Lactaptin (κ-casein fragment) | Breast carcinoma (human): MCF-7 | Apoptosis induction | [25] | ||
PGPIPN (β-casein fragment) | Ovarian cancer (human): SKOV3 | BCL2 targeting | [26] | ||
INKKI (β-casein fragment) | Melanoma (murine): B16F10 | Apoptosis induction | [27] | ||
CMs | Prostatic cancer (human): LNCaP, PC-3, DU145 | Interaction with opioid receptors | [28] | ||
Breast cancer (human): T47D | G0/G1 blocking | [29] | |||
Promyeloic leukemia (human): HL-60 | Apoptosis induction | [30] | |||
CPPs | Intestinal tumor (human): HT-29 | Interaction with voltage-operated L-type calcium channels, apoptosis | [31] | ||
Whey proteins | Lf | Colon carcinoma (murine): Co26Lu | Inhibitory effects on lung metastatic colony formation in Balb/c mice due to Tand NK cell activation | [32] | |
Melanoma (murine): B16-BL6 | Inhibition of lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice (only apo-Lf) | [33] | |||
Lymphoma (murine): L5178Y-ML25 | Inhibition of liver and spleen metastasis in C57BL/6 mice (only apo-Lf) | ||||
Colon carcinoma (murine) | Reduced induction of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) by azoxymethane administration in male F344 rats | [34] | |||
Pepsin hydrolysate f(17–38) | Promyeloic leukemia (human): HL-60 | Apoptosis induction | [35] | ||
Pepsin hydrolysate (mixture) | Oral squamous cell carcinoma (human): SAS | Apoptosis induction by JNK/SAPK MAP kinase activation | [36] | ||
Basal diet with 0.2% bLf | Hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinoma | Decreased incidence of DMBA-induced carcinogenesis, decreased levels of phase I enzymes, modulated lipid peroxidation, increased antioxidant and phase II enzyme activities | [37] | ||
Native and iron saturated bLf | Glioblastoma (human): GL-15 | Down-regulation of Snail and vimentin expression, increase in cadherin levels Inhibition of EMT-like processes and IL-6/STAT3 axis mainly by the holo-form | [38] | ||
Liposomal bLf | Colorectal cancer (rat): DMF-DSS induced colorectal | Suppression of inflammation and tumor cell proliferation | [39] | ||
Lfcin | Fibrosarcoma (murine): Meth A | Reduction of tumor growth in CB6 mice Cytotoxic activity, lysis by pore formation (SEM) | [40] | ||
Melanoma (murine): B16F10 | Cytotoxic activity | ||||
Colon carcinoma (murine): C26 | Cytotoxic activity | ||||
α-LA in complex with oleic acid (BAMLET) | Cervical epithelial carcinoma (human): HeLa | Accumulation in endolysosomal compartment, lysosomal membrane permeabilization inducing nonapoptotic lysosomal cell death | [41] | ||
Bladder carcinoma (human): J82, RT4 | |||||
Prostate carcinoma (human): PC-3 | |||||
Astrocytoma (human): U118 | |||||
Breast carcinoma (human): MCF-7 | |||||
Osteosarcoma (human): U2-OS | |||||
Lymphocytic leukemia (murine): L1210 | |||||
β-LG | Lung adenocarcinoma (human): A549 | Apoptosis induction, upregulation of Bax and caspase-3, decreased level of Bcl-2, reduced chemotactic motility, tumor inhibition in BALB7c mice after oral administration | [42] | ||
Intestinal tumor (human): HT-29 | |||||
Hepatoblastoma (human): HepG2 | |||||
Breast carcinoma (human): MDA231-LM2 |
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Leischner, C.; Egert, S.; Burkard, M.; Venturelli, S. Potential Protective Protein Components of Cow’s Milk against Certain Tumor Entities. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061974
Leischner C, Egert S, Burkard M, Venturelli S. Potential Protective Protein Components of Cow’s Milk against Certain Tumor Entities. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061974
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeischner, Christian, Sarah Egert, Markus Burkard, and Sascha Venturelli. 2021. "Potential Protective Protein Components of Cow’s Milk against Certain Tumor Entities" Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061974