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Article

Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profiles over 12 Months of Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study

1
Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
2
Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
3
Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
4
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1973; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061973
Submission received: 14 May 2021 / Revised: 3 June 2021 / Accepted: 4 June 2021 / Published: 8 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

Abstract

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have specific dose-dependent effects on child health outcomes. The HMO profile differs across mothers and is largely dependent on gene expression of specific transferase enzymes in the lactocytes. This study investigated the trajectories of absolute HMO concentrations at three time points during lactation, using a more accurate, robust, and extensively validated method for HMO quantification. We analyzed human milk sampled at 6 weeks (n = 682), 6 months (n = 448), and 12 months (n = 73) of lactation in a birth cohort study conducted in south Germany, using label-free targeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS2). We assessed trajectories of HMO concentrations over time and used linear mixed models to explore the effect of secretor status and milk group on these trajectories. Generalized linear model-based analysis was used to examine associations between HMOs measured at 6 weeks of lactation and maternal characteristics. Results: Overall, 74%, 18%, 7%, and 1% of human milk samples were attributed to milk groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Most HMO concentrations declined over lactation, but some increased. Cross-sectionally, HMOs presented high variations within milk groups and secretor groups. The trajectories of HMO concentrations during lactation were largely attributed to the milk group and secretor status. None of the other maternal characteristics were associated with the HMO concentrations. The observed changes in the HMO concentrations at different time points during lactation and variations of HMOs between milk groups warrant further investigation of their potential impact on child health outcomes. These results will aid in the evaluation and determination of adequate nutrient intakes, as well as further (or future) investigation of the dose-dependent impact of these biological components on infant and child health outcomes.
Keywords: human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs); absolute quantitation; most abundant HMOs (trioses to hexaoses); targeted LC-MS/MS; stages of lactation; human milk groups; maternal secretor and Lewis (Le/Se) status human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs); absolute quantitation; most abundant HMOs (trioses to hexaoses); targeted LC-MS/MS; stages of lactation; human milk groups; maternal secretor and Lewis (Le/Se) status

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MDPI and ACS Style

Siziba, L.P.; Mank, M.; Stahl, B.; Gonsalves, J.; Blijenberg, B.; Rothenbacher, D.; Genuneit, J. Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profiles over 12 Months of Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061973

AMA Style

Siziba LP, Mank M, Stahl B, Gonsalves J, Blijenberg B, Rothenbacher D, Genuneit J. Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profiles over 12 Months of Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061973

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siziba, Linda P., Marko Mank, Bernd Stahl, John Gonsalves, Bernadet Blijenberg, Dietrich Rothenbacher, and Jon Genuneit. 2021. "Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profiles over 12 Months of Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study" Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061973

APA Style

Siziba, L. P., Mank, M., Stahl, B., Gonsalves, J., Blijenberg, B., Rothenbacher, D., & Genuneit, J. (2021). Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profiles over 12 Months of Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients, 13(6), 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061973

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