The Metabolomic-Gut-Clinical Axis of Mankai Plant-Derived Dietary Polyphenols
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Metabolites and Polyphenol Detection and Identification
2.2. Anoxic Gut Bioreactors Mankai Experiment Performed at Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, USA
2.3. Polyphenols in Human Plasma and Urine. The 18-Month DIRECT-PLUS Clinical Trial, Performed at Ben Gurion University, Israel
2.3.1. Study Design
2.3.2. Randomization and Intervention
2.3.3. Human Samples and Polyphenol Analysis
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mankai Plant Metabolites
3.2. Gut Degradation Products
3.3. Polyphenols Detection in Human Plasma and Urine
3.3.1. DIRECT PLUS Baseline Characteristics
3.3.2. Plasma Polyphenols following 18 Months of DIRECT PLUS Weight Loss Intervention
3.3.3. The Effect of the Intervention on Urine Polyphenols
3.3.4. Polyphenols and Health Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polyphenol Class 1 | Subclass 1 | Examples of Polyphenols Detected in the Mankai Plant (Mankai Polyphenol Metabolomic Experiment #) |
---|---|---|
Flavonoids | Flavonols | Quercetin (1,3,4,5), Rutin (1,4,5), Isorhamnetin (4,5), Kaempferol (3,4), Myricetin (4) |
Flavones | Apigenin (3,4,5), Luteolin (3,4,5), Orientin (1,4), Syringetin (4,5), Laricitrin (4) | |
Flavanols | Epicatechin (4,5) | |
Flavanones | Naringenin (4,5), Taxifolin (4,5), Astilbin (1) | |
Phenolic acids | Hydroxycinnamic acids | Caffeic acid (3,4,5), Ferulic acid (4,5), p-Coumaric acid (4,5), Sinapic acid (4) |
Hydroxybenzoic acids | Benzoic acid (4,5), Ellagic acid (4,5), Ginkgoic acid (1,2), Gallic acid (4,5), Vanillic acid (4,5), 4-Methylsalicylic acid (2) | |
Other polyphenols | Other polyphenols | Arbutin (4,5), Esculin (4,5) |
Hydroxycoumarins | Daphnetin (2,3,4), Coumarin (3) | |
Phenolic terpenes | Carnosol (4) | |
Stilbenes | Stilbenes | cis-Resveratrol (4) |
Unclassified | Olivetol (1,2) |
Detected Polyphenols in Plasma, % 1 | Entire n = 294 | HDG n = 98 | MED n = 98 | Green-MED n = 98 | p between Groups 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hippuric acid | 93.0 | 94.6 | 89.4 | 94.9 | 0.25 |
m-hydroxyhippuric acid | 82.8 | 80.7 | 84.0 | 83.5 | 0.80 |
Vanillin | 61.3 | 61.3 | 60.6 | 61.8 | 0.99 |
2,6 diOH benzoic acid | 45.4 | 47.3 | 43.6 | 45.4 | 0.88 |
3,4 hydroxyphenyl propionic acid | 33.0 | 27.2 | 29.4 | 42.1 | 0.06 |
diOH isoferulic acid | 28.5 | 23.7 | 27.7 | 34.0 | 0.28 |
Pyrogallol | 20.8 | 18.3 | 22.3 | 21.7 | 0.77 |
Vanillic acid | 15.5 | 15.1 | 13.8 | 17.5 | 0.77 |
2,5 diOH benzoic acid | 9.2 | 6.5 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 0.63 |
Naringenin | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | 1.03 | 0.38 |
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Yaskolka Meir, A.; Tuohy, K.; von Bergen, M.; Krajmalnik-Brown, R.; Heinig, U.; Zelicha, H.; Tsaban, G.; Rinott, E.; Kaplan, A.; Aharoni, A.; et al. The Metabolomic-Gut-Clinical Axis of Mankai Plant-Derived Dietary Polyphenols. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061866
Yaskolka Meir A, Tuohy K, von Bergen M, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Heinig U, Zelicha H, Tsaban G, Rinott E, Kaplan A, Aharoni A, et al. The Metabolomic-Gut-Clinical Axis of Mankai Plant-Derived Dietary Polyphenols. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061866
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaskolka Meir, Anat, Kieran Tuohy, Martin von Bergen, Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown, Uwe Heinig, Hila Zelicha, Gal Tsaban, Ehud Rinott, Alon Kaplan, Asaph Aharoni, and et al. 2021. "The Metabolomic-Gut-Clinical Axis of Mankai Plant-Derived Dietary Polyphenols" Nutrients 13, no. 6: 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061866