Dietary Habits before and during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Selected European Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristic
3.2. Meal Frequency and Shopping
3.3. Dietary Habits
3.4. The Frequency of Consumption of Particular Foods
3.5. Risk of the Body Mass Gain or Loss
3.6. Nutritional Behavior of Consumers Depending on the Country of Residence
3.7. Frequency of Consuming Selected Food Product Groups in Studied Countries
3.7.1. Frozen Goods
3.7.2. Sweets and Snacks
3.7.3. Eggs and Dairy Products
3.7.4. Grains
3.7.5. Oils
3.7.6. Fruits and Vegetables
3.7.7. Meat
3.7.8. Fish and Seafood
3.7.9. Beverages and Alcohol
3.8. Physical Activity
4. Discussion
4.1. Dietary Habits
4.2. Food Products and Beverages Consumption
4.3. Body Mass Changes
4.4. Physical Activity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Sample n/% | Variables | Samples n/% |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Education | ||
Women | 604/56.40 | Primary | 77/7.19 |
Men | 467/43.60 | Secondary | 442/41.24 |
Other | 0/0.00 | Degree | 552/51.57 |
Age | Country | ||
>18 | 264/24.65 | Poland | 407/38.00 |
30–39 | 285/26.61 | Austria | 353/32.96 |
40–49 | 269/25.11 | United Kingdom | 311/29.03 |
>50 | 253/23.62 |
Question | Total n = 1071 (100%) | Poland n = 407 (100%) | Austria n = 353 (100%) | United Kingdom n = 311 (100%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | During | Before | During | Before | During | Before | During | |
Frequency of consumption of 4–5 meals a day/every day n/% | 311 (29.04) | 398 (37.16) | 144 (35.38) | 147 (36.12) | 103 (29.18) | 146 (41.36) | 64 (20.58) | 105 (33.75) |
Eating at least one warm meal/at least once a day n/% | 809 (75.54) | 927 (86.56) | 364 (89.43) | 371 (91.16) | 237 (67.14) | 299 (84.71) | 208 (66.88) | 257 (82.63) |
Preparing homemade meals/at least once a day n/% | 378 (35.29) | 579 (55.74) | 253 (62.16) | 308 (75.68) | 60 (16.99) | 149 (42.21) | 65 (20.90) | 140 (45.02) |
Shopping frequency/at least once a week n/% | 123 (11.49) | 87 (8.13) | 64 (15.72) | 28 (6.88) | 30 (8.5) | 34 (9.63) | 29 (9.32) | 25 (8.04) |
Shopping in the supermarket/at least once a week n/% | 342 (31.93) | 243 (22.68) | 179 (43.98) | 106 (26.05) | 96 (27.16) | 84 (23.80) | 67 (21.54) | 53 (17.04) |
Shopping in local marketplace/at least once a week n/% | 499 (46.59) | 413 (38.57) | 168 (41.29) | 149 (36.61) | 168 (47.59) | 146 (41.36) | 163 (52.69) | 118 (37.95) |
Shopping online/at least once a week n/% | 30 (2.79) | 126 (11.77) | 13 (3.20) | 23 (5.66) | 8 (2.27) | 58 (16.43) | 9 (2.89) | 45 (14.47) |
Ordering readymade meals at restaurants/at least once a week n/% | 191 (17.84) | 264 (24.66) | 34 (8.35) | 43 (10.56) | 83 (23.51) | 103 (29.18) | 74 (23.80) | 118 (37.94) |
Eat out/at least once a week n/% | 361 (33.70) | 30 (2.80) | 47 (11.55) | 8 (1.97) | 175 (49.57) | 10 (2.83) | 139 (44.70) | 12 (3.85) |
Products | Total n = 1071 (100%) | Poland n = 407 (100%) | Austria n = 353 (100%) | United Kingdom n = 311 (100%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | During | Before | During | Before | During | Before | During | |
Frozen food/ at least once a week n/% | 86 (8.03) | 128 (11.95) | 17 (4.18) | 25 (6.14) | 40 (11.33) | 45 (12.74) | 29 (9.32) | 58 (18.65) |
Canned food/ at least once a week n/% | 70 (6.54) | 108 (10.08) | 11 (2.70) | 22 (5.41) | 27 (7.65) | 34 (9.63) | 32 (10.29) | 52 (16.72) |
Sweets and snacks/ at least once a day n/% | 172 (16.06) | 232 * (21.67) | 68 (16.71) | 89 (21.66) | 63 (17.85) | 86 (24.36) | 41 (13.19) | 57 (18.43) |
Diary and eggs/ at least once a day n/% | 430 (40.15) | 516 (48.18) | 164 (40.29) | 165 (40.54) | 142 (40.23) | 176 (49.86) | 124 (39.87) | 175 (56.27) |
Cereal products/ at least once a day n/% | 764 (71.33) | 804 (75.07) | 242 (59.46) | 252 (61.92) | 282 (79.89) | 296 (83.86) | 240 (77.17) | 296 (82.31) |
Fats and oil/ at least once a day n/% | 563 (52.57) | 595 (55.55) | 240 (58.97) | 246 (60.45) | 160 (45.32) | 180 (50.99) | 163 (52.41) | 169 (54.34) |
Fruits/ at least once a day n/% | 373 (34.83) | 397 (37.07) | 196 (48.16) | 208 (51.11) | 110 (31.16) | 115 (32.58) | 67 (21.54) | 74 (23.79) |
Vegetables and nuts/ at least once a day n/% | 709 (66.20) | 777 (72.55) | 238 (58.48) | 251 (61.67) | 251 (71.10) | 279 (79.04) | 220 (70.74) | 247 (79.42) |
Meat/ at least once a day n/% | 340 (31.74) | 358 (33.43) | 131 (32.21) | 126 (30.95) | 109 (30.88) | 114 (32.29) | 100 (32.15) | 118 (36.95) |
Fish and seafood/ at least once a week n/% | 235 (21.94) | 225 (21.01) | 70 (17.20) | 67 (16.46) | 113 (32.01) | 98 (27.76) | 52 (16.72) | 60 (19.29) |
Coffee/ at least once a day n/% | 703 (65.64) | 685 (63.96) | 313 (76.90) | 310 (76.17) | 221 (62.61) | 220 (62.32) | 169 (54.34) | 155 (49.84) |
Tea/ at least once a day n/% | 626 (58.45) | 686 (44.73) | 235 (57.74) | 248 (60.93) | 191 (54.11) | 206 (58.36) | 200 (64.31) | 232 (74.59) |
Water/ at least once a day n/% | 933 * (87.12) | 949 * (88.61) | 356 (87.47) | 361 (88.70) | 312 (88.39) | 318 (90.08) | 265 (85.21) | 270 (86.82) |
Juice and sweets drinks/ at least once a day n/% | 181 (16.90) | 174 * (16.25) | 60 (14.74) | 64 (15.73) | 67 (15.77) | 55 (13.91) | 54 (17.36) | 55 (17.69) |
Alcohol/ at least once a week n/% | 160 (14.94) | 265 (24.75) | 66 (16.22) | 94 (23.09) | 42 (11.89) | 81 (22.95) | 52 (16.72) | 90 (28.94) |
Few Times per Day | One a Day | Few Times per Week | Few Times per Month | Once or Less per Month | Never or Almost Never | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before pandemic | ||||||
Austria | 1.98% | 6.52% | 37.39% | 30.31% | 15.30% | 8.50% |
United Kingdom | 1.29% | 2.57% | 40.84% | 22.83% | 20.90% | 11.58% |
Poland | 3.19% | 13.76% | 33.42% | 26.54% | 13.76% | 9.34% |
During pandemic | ||||||
Austria | 1.70% | 10.48% | 30.31% | 24.93% | 20.40% | 12.18% |
United Kingdom | 0.97% | 5.47% | 29.26% | 24.76% | 25.08% | 14.47% |
Poland | 1.97% | 13.02% | 28.99% | 22.60% | 19.66% | 13.76% |
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Skotnicka, M.; Karwowska, K.; Kłobukowski, F.; Wasilewska, E.; Małgorzewicz, S. Dietary Habits before and during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Selected European Countries. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051690
Skotnicka M, Karwowska K, Kłobukowski F, Wasilewska E, Małgorzewicz S. Dietary Habits before and during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Selected European Countries. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051690
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkotnicka, Magdalena, Kaja Karwowska, Filip Kłobukowski, Eliza Wasilewska, and Sylwia Małgorzewicz. 2021. "Dietary Habits before and during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Selected European Countries" Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051690