Micronutrients Deficiency, Supplementation and Novel Coronavirus Infections—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Identification and Selection
- Type of intervention/exposure:
- Prevention: Supplementation and/or deficiency of any micronutrient singly or in combination with other micronutrients.
- Treatment: Treatment using any micronutrient singly, or in combination with other micronutrients or therapeutical drugs.
- Types of outcomes:
- Prevention: Incidence or episodes of novel coronavirus disease.
- Treatment: Severity of novel coronavirus disease episode, defined by clinical se-verity, mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, hospitalization duration, or progression to respiratory-related complications.
- Type of study: Peer-reviewed publications on interventional (randomized controlled trials) and observational (cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and case-controlled studies) studies, with relevant comparator groups, e.g., infected versus non-infected, groups with varying degrees of severity.
- Type of participants: Adults >19 years, infection-free (prevention) or diagnosed with (treatment) any novel coronavirus disease at time of study recruitment
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Quality Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Screening Results and Characteristics of Included Studies
3.2. Methodological Quality of Included Studies
3.3. Outcome: Prevention of COVID-19 Episode
3.4. Outcome: Severity of COVID-19 Episode
3.4.1. Severity: Mortality from COVID-19
3.4.2. Severity: Hospitalisation Duration from COVID-19
3.4.3. Severity: ICU Admission
3.4.4. Severity: Progression to Respiratory-Related Complications
3.4.5. Severity: Clinical Severity
3.4.6. Severity: Composite Outcomes
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author, Year [Ref.] | Reported Study Design, Country of Study | Population Source: Period of Data Collection | Population Size (% Men); # Subjects with ≥1 Comorbidity | Mean Age in Years (SD) | Micronutrient in Question | Blood Sampling Timepoint | Micronutrient Categories, as Defined by Study: Cut-off for Each Category, as Defined by Study | Outcome Reported [I: Incidence of COVID-19 Episode; S, Severity of COVID-19 Episode] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | ||||||||
Baktash, 2020 [20] | Prospective cohort; UK | Hospital: 1 Mar–30 Apr 2020 | 105 (54.3); 54 | Cases (deficient): 79.46 (89.52) Cases (non-deficient): 81.16 (7.23) Controls: 83.44 (8.08) | Vitamin D | At admission | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Bellmann-Weiler, 2020 [21] | Retrospective cohort; Austria | Hospital: 25 Feb–20 May 2020 | 259 (60.6);152 | 68 (53–80) * | Iron | At admission (Day 1 ± 1) | No Iron deficiency (ID) | Absolute ID: TSAT <20% + Serum ferritin <100 µg/L | Functional ID: TSAT <20% + Serum ferritin >100 µg/L |
|
Carpagnano, 2020 [22] | Retrospective cohort; Italy | Hospital: 11 Mar–30 Apr 2020 | 42 (71.4); 36 | ≥30 ng/mL: 64 (18) 30 >Vitamin D ≥20 ng/mL: 64 (13) 20 > Vitamin D ≥10 ng/mL: 60 (6.9) <10 ng/mL: 74 (11) | Vitamin D | ≤12 h following RICU admission | NR: ≥10 ng/mL | NR: <10 ng/mL | - |
|
D’Avolio, 2020 [23] | Retrospective cohort; Switzerland | Hospital: 1 Mar–14 Apr 2019, 1 Mar–14 Apr 2020 | 107 (54.2); NR | 73 (63–81) * | Vitamin D | <7 weeks after PCR result, overall median days from result = 3.0 (IQR:0.0 to 7.0) | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
NR (controls): 1 March to 14 April 2019 | 1377 (45.3); NR | 63 (46–76) * | ||||||||
Dahan, 2020 [24] | Cross-sectional; Israel | Hospital: 21 Feb–30 Mar 2020 | 39 (59); 22 | 52.46 (2.76) | Iron (Serum ferritin) | On admission | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Hastie, 2020 [17] | Retrospective cohort; UK | Health registries: 5 Mar–25 Apr 2020 | 341,484 (NR); NR | 37–73 (between 2006–2010) # | Vitamin D | Baseline measurement taken between 2006–2010 | Sufficient: ≥50 nmol/L | Insufficient: <50 nmol/L | Deficient: <25 nmol/L |
|
NA: measured as a continuous outcome (per 10 nmol/L) | ||||||||||
Im, 2020 [25] | Case-control; South Korea | Hospital: Feb–Jun 2020 | Cases: 50 (42); NR Controls: 150 (sex-matched to cases); NR NR | Cases: 57.5 (34.5–68) Controls: NR. but age-matched to controls | Vitamin D3 | ≤7 days of admission (median number of days from admission = 2 days) | No deficiency | Deficiency: ≤20 ng/dL | Severe Deficiency: ≤10 ng/dL |
|
Vitamin B6 | Deficiency: ≤5 µg/L | - |
| |||||||
Vitamin B9 | Deficiency: ≤4 µg/L | - | ||||||||
Selenium | Deficiency: ≤95 µg/L | - | ||||||||
≥1 deficiency | Any of the above | - | ||||||||
Jothimani, 2020 [26] | Prospective case-control; India | Hospital: 17 May–27 May 2020 | Cases: 47 (61.5); NR Controls: 45 (67.7); 0 | Cases: 34 (18–77) * Controls: 32 (18–60) * | Zinc a | 6 h from admission | No deficiency | Deficiency: ≤80 µg/L | - |
|
Karahan, 2020 [27] | Retrospective cohort; Turkey | Hospital: 1 Apr–20 May 2020 | 149 (54.4); 85 | 63.5 (15.3) | Vitamin D3 | NR | Normal: ≥ 30 ng/mL | Insufficiency: 21–29 ng/mL | Deficiency: ≤20 ng/mL |
|
Liu, 2020 [28] | Retrospective cohort; China | Hospital: 9 Feb–15 Feb 2020 (follow-up till 25 Feb 2020) | 107 (49); 40 | 68 (61–76) * | Calcium (Serum Calcium) | ≤24 h from admission | Normal: 2.15–2.5 mmol/L | Hypocalcemia: <2.15 mmol/L | - |
|
Macaya, 2020 [29] | Retrospective cohort; Spain | Hospital: 5 Mar–31 Mar 2020 | 80 (43.8); 50 | non-severe patients: 63 (50–72) * severe patients: 75 (66–84) * | Vitamin D3 | At admission or ≤3 months before admission | No deficiency: ≥20 ng/mL | Deficiency: <20 ng/mL | - |
|
Maghbooli, 2020 [30] | Cross-sectional; Iran | Hospital: Till 1 May 2020 (start date unspecified) | 235 (61.3); NR | 58.72 (15.22) | Vitamin D3 | At admission | No deficiency: ≥30 ng/mL | Deficiency/ Insufficiency: <30 ng/mL | - |
|
Mardani, 2020 [31] | Cross-sectional; Iran | Medical Center: Mar 2020 | 123 (52.8); NR | 42 (NR) | Vitamin D | At admission | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Meltzer, 2020 [32] | Retrospective cohort; United States | Hospital: 3 Mar–10 Apr 2020 | 489 (25); 261 | 49.2 (18.4) | Vitamin D | Baseline measurement taken within 1 year to 14 days before patient’s COVID-19 test | No deficiency: ≥20 ng/mL OR ≥18 pg/mL | Deficiency: <20 ng/mL | - |
|
Merzon, 2020 [33] | Retrospective cohort; Israel | Medical Center: 1 Feb–30 Apr 2020 | 7807 (41.4); 2136 | COVID-19 positive: 35.58 (0.56) COVID-19 negative: 47.35 (0.24) | Vitamin D | NR | Sufficiency: ≥30 ng/mL | Insufficiency: 29–20 ng/mL | Deficiency: <20 ng/mL |
|
Normal: ≥30 ng/mL | Low: < 30 ng/mL | - | ||||||||
NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| |||||||||
Moghaddam, 2020 [34] | Cross-sectional; Germany | Hospital: NR | 33 (42.4); 22 | 77 (38–94) * | Selenium (Serum Selenium) | Throughout hospitalisation; mean (SD) samples drawn per patient = 5.03 (4.27) | Normal: 45.7–131.6 μg/L | Deficiency: <45.7 μg/L | - |
|
NA: measured as a continuous outcome | ||||||||||
Panagiotou, 2020 [35] | Cross-sectional; UK | Hospital: NR | 134 (54.5); 114 | severe: 61.1 (11.8) mild: 76.4 (14.9) | Vitamin D | NR | Normal: ≥50 nmol/L | Deficient: <50 nmol/L | - |
|
Pizzini, 2020 [36] | Prospective cohort; Austria | Medical Center: From 29 Apr 2020 (end date unspecified) | 109 (60); 88 | 58 (14) | Vitamin D | 8 weeks after COVID-19 diagnosis | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Calcium (Total, ionised) | NA: measured as a continuous outcome | |||||||||
Iron (Serum ferritin) | NA: measured as a continuous outcome | |||||||||
Radujkovic, 2020 [37] | Prospective cohort; Germany | Hospital: 18 Mar–18 Jun 2020 | 185 (51); 77 | 60 (49–70) * | Vitamin D | At admission and SARS-CoV-2 testing | No deficiency: ≥12 ng/mL | Deficiency: <12 ng/mL (<30 nM) | - |
|
No insufficiency: ≥20 ng/mL | Insufficiency: <20 ng/mL | - |
| |||||||
NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| |||||||||
Raisi-Estabragh, 2020 [38] | Prospective cohort; UK | Health registries: 16 Mar–18 May 2020 | 4510 (48.8); 2081 | COVID-19 positive: 68.11 (9.23) COVID-19 negative: 68.91 (8.72) | Vitamin D | Baseline measurement taken between 2006–2010 | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Smith, 2020 [39] | Retrospective multi-centre cohort; United States | Hospital: 1 May–30 Mar 2020 | 86 (0); 86 | 68.5 (59–74.8) | Iron (Ferritin) | At admission | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Sonnweber, 2020 [40] | Prospective multi-centre cohort; Austria | Hospital: NR | 109 (60); 88 | 58 (14) | Iron (Ferritin) | 60 days (SD ± 12) after the onset of first COVID-19 symptoms | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Sun, 2020 [19] | Retrospective cohort; China | NR: NR | 63 (58.7); 12 | Median: 47 (Range: 3–85) | Iron (Serum Ferritin) | On admission | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Wu, 2020 [41] | Retrospective cohort; China | Hospital: 25 Dec 2019–26 Jan 2020 (follow-up till 13 Feb 2020) | 201 (63.7); 39 | 51 (43–60) * | Iron (Serum Ferritin) | ≤24 h from admission | NR: >300 ng/mL | NR: ≤300 ng/mL | - |
|
NA: measured as a continuous outcome | ||||||||||
Yasui, 2020 [42] | Retrospective cohort; Japan | Health Center: 24 Mar–24 May 2020 | 62 (54.8); | NR, but 17 (27.4%) are aged ≥65 years | Iron (Ferritin) | Multiple timepoints: on first day of hospitalisation and 2–3 days later on an empty stomach in the early morning after hospitalisation | NR: ≥300 ng/mL (male), ≥200 ng/mL (female) | NR: <300 ng/mL (male), <200 ng/mL (female) | - |
|
NA: measured as a continuous outcome | ||||||||||
Zinc | NR: ≥70 µg/dL | NR: <70 µg/dL | - | |||||||
NA: measured as a continuous outcome | ||||||||||
Ye, 2020 [43] | Case-control; China | Hospital: 16 Feb–16 Mar 2020 | Cases: 62 (37); 16 Controls: 80 (42); 0 | Cases: 43 (32–59) * Controls: 42 (31–52) * | Vitamin D | At admission | Sufficiency: ≥75 nmol/L | Insufficiency: 50 nmol/L ≤25(OH)D <75 nmol/L | Deficiency: <50 nmol/L |
|
Non-deficiency: ≥50 nmol/L | Deficiency: <50 nmol/L | - |
| |||||||
NA: measured as a continuous outcome | ||||||||||
Zhao, 2020 [44] | Retrospective cohort; China | Hospital: 1 Feb–29 Feb 2020 | 50 (60); 17 | 55 (44–66) * | Iron (Pre- and post-treatment serum iron) | NR | NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
| ||
Zhou, 2020 [45] | Retrospective cohort; China | Hospital: 29 Dec 2019–31 Jan 2020 | 191 (62.3); 91 | Survivor: 52 (45–58) * Non-survivor: 69 (63–76) * | Iron (Serum Ferritin) | NR: frequency of examinations determined by treating physician | NR: >300 ng/mL | NR: ≤300 ng/mL | - |
|
NA: measured as a continuous outcome |
Author, Year [Ref.] | Reported Study Design; Country of Study | Population Source: Period of Data Collection | Population Size (% Men); Number of Subjects with ≥1 Comorbidity | Mean Age (SD) | Micronutrient in Question | Outcome Reported [I: Incidence of COVID-19 Episode; S, Severity of COVID-19 Episode] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annweiler, 2020 [18] | Retrospective cohort; France | Nursing Home: Mar–Apr 2020 | 66 (22.7); 66 | 87.7 (9.0) | Vitamin D3 a |
|
Capone, 2020 [46] | Retrospective cohort; United States | Hospital: till 20 Apr 2020 (start date unspecified) | 102 (53.9); 61 | 63.22 (53.3–74.3) * | Vitamin C & zinc b |
|
Castillo, 2020 [47] | Open-label, double blind randomised controlled trial; Spain | Hospital: Unspecified | 76 (58.2); 26 | 53 (10) | Vitamin D3 c |
|
Fasano, 2020 [48] | Retrospective, single-center case-control; Italy | Health registry: NR | 1486 (56.9); 1486 | Case: 70.5 (10.1) Controls: 73.0 (9.5) | Vitamin D b |
|
Macaya, 2020 [29] | Retrospective cohort; Spain | Hospital: 5 Mar–31 Mar 2020 | 80 (43.8); 50 | non-severe patients: 63 (50–72) * severe patients: 75 (66–84) * | Vitamin D b |
|
Tan, 2020 [49] | Retrospective cohort; Singapore | Hospital: 15 Jan–15 Apr 2020 | 43 (60.4); 24 | Non-supplemented: 64.1 (7.9) Supplemented: 58.4 (7) | Vitamin D, Magnesium & Vitamin B12 d |
|
Author [Ref] | Micronutrient in question | Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Interval); % Population Infected (Infected/Population Size) | Key Findings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supplementation | Deficiency | ||||||
Supplemented | Non-supplemented | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | |||
Baktash [20] | Vitamin D |
| |||||
D’Avolio [23] | Vitamin D |
| |||||
Fasano [48] | Vitamin D | 0.56 (0.32- 0.99) *,a; 4.0% (13/329) | Reference; 8.0% (92/1157) * |
| |||
Im [25] | Vitamin D3 | NR; 12.4% (12/97) # | NR; 32.5% (26/80) # | NR; 52.2% (12/23) # |
| ||
Mardani [31] | Vitamin D |
| |||||
Meltzer [32] | Vitamin D | NR; 12.3% (39/317) | NR; 18.6% (32/172) |
| |||
Merzon [33] | Vitamin D ᶧ | Reference; 69.4% (79/1139) # | 1.59 (1.29–2.02); 10.6% (598/5648) # | 1.58 (1.13–2.09); 10.3% (105/1020)# |
| ||
Vitamin D ᶲ | Reference; 69.4% (79/1139) | 1.50 (1.13–1.98) b; 10.5% (703/6668) * | |||||
Raisi-Estabragh [38] | Vitamin D |
| |||||
Ye [43] | Vitamin D | Reference; 35.6% (36/101) # | 3.13 (1.47–6.66); 63.4% (26/41) # |
| |||
Jothimani [26] | Zinc | NR; 33.3% (20/60) # | NR; 84.4% (27/32) # |
|
Author [Ref] | Micronutrient in Question | Reported Summary Risk Estimate: Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Interval)/Mean (SD); % Population Infected (Infected/Population Size) | Key Findings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supplementation | Deficiency | ||||||
Supplemented | Non-Supplemented | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | |||
Outcome: Death due to COVID-19 episode/during hospitalisation due to COVID-19 episode | |||||||
Annweiler [18] | Vitamin D3 | 0.11 (0.03–0.48) *,a; 17.5% (10/57) | Reference; 55.6% (5/9) * |
| |||
Carpagnano [22] | Vitamin D | NR; 3.1% (1/32) # | NR; 20% (2/10) # |
| |||
Castillo [47] | Vitamin D | NR; 0% (0/50) # | NR; 7.7% (2/26) # |
| |||
Hastie [17] | Vitamin D | Reference | 1.21 (0.83–1.76) b | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) b |
| ||
Karahan [27] | Vitamin D3 | NR; 0% (0/12) * | NR; 14.7% (5/34) * | NR; 62.1% (64/103) * |
| ||
Mardani [31] | Vitamin D |
| |||||
Panagiotou [35] | Vitamin D | Reference; NR | 0.97 (0.42, 2.23); NR |
| |||
Radujkovic [37] | Vitamin D ᶧ | Reference, NR | For all subjects: 14.73 (4.16–52.19) c; NR For inpatients only: 11.51 (3.24–40.92) c; NR |
| |||
Vitamin D ᶲ | Reference, NR | For all subjects: 11.27 (1.48–85.55) c; NR For inpatients only: 7.97 (1.05–60.60) c; NR |
| ||||
Tan [49] | Vitamin D, Magnesium & Vitamin B12 | NR; 0% (0/17) # | NR; 0% (0/26) # |
| |||
Capone [46] | Vitamin C & Zinc |
| |||||
Jothimani [26] | Zinc | Reference; 0% (0/20) | 5.48 (0.61–49.35); 18.5% (5/27) |
| |||
Bellmann-Weiler [21] | Iron | Reference; NR | 0.458 (0.082–2.572); NR | 0.418 (0.15–1.165); NR |
| ||
Wu [41] | Iron (Serum Ferritin) | 5.28 (0.72–38.48); NR | Reference; NR |
| |||
Zhao [44] | Iron (Serum iron, Pre-treatment) |
| |||||
Iron (Serum iron, Post-treatment) |
| ||||||
Zhou [45] | Iron (Serum Ferritin) | 9.1 (2.04–40.58); 43.1% (44/102) * | Reference; 7.7% (2/26) * |
| |||
Moghaddam [34] | Selenium (Serum) | NR; 13.0% (12/92) # | NR; 29.7% (22/74) # |
| |||
Outcome: Hospitalisation Duration (Unit: days) | |||||||
Carpagnano [22] | Vitamin D | 12.5 (8–20.5) #,f | 8 (6–11.25) #,f |
| |||
Maghbooli [30] | Vitamin D3 | 5 (1–19) g | 5 (1–23) g |
| |||
Jothimani [26] | Zinc | 5.7 (NR) * | 7.9 (NR) * |
| |||
Outcome: Intensive care unit (ICU) Admission | |||||||
Bellmann-Weiler [21] | Iron | Reference; NR | 0.147 (0.017–1.297); NR | 0.556 (0.225–1.373); NR |
| ||
Carpagnano [22] | Vitamin D | NR; 12.5% (4/32) # | NR; 20% (2/10) # |
| |||
Castillo [47] | Vitamin D | 0.03 (0.003–0.25) e; 2% (1/50) * | Reference; 50% (13/26) * |
| |||
Maghbooli [30] | Vitamin D3 | NR; 14.3% (11/77) | NR; 20.9% (33/158) |
| |||
Panagiotou [35] | Vitamin D | NR; 18.2% (8/44) * | NR; 37.8% (34/90) * |
| |||
Jothimani [26] | Zinc | Reference; 10% (2/20) | 3.15 (0.58–17.67); 25.9% (7/27) |
|
Author [Ref] | Micronutrient in Question | Outcome Definition (Study-Specific) | Reported Summary Risk Estimate: Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Interval); % Population Infected (Infected/Population Size) | Key Findings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supplementation | Deficiency | |||||||
Supplemented | Non-supplemented | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | ||||
Outcome: Clinical severity | ||||||||
Hastie [17] | Vitamin D | Hospitalisation rate | Reference; NR | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) a; NR | 1.1 (0.88–1.37) a; NR |
| ||
Merzon [33] | Vitamin D | Hospitalisation rate |
| |||||
Radujkovic [37] | Vitamin D | Hospitalisation rate | NR; 44.4% (64/144) * | NR; 70.7% (29/41) * |
| |||
Karahan [27] | Vitamin D3 | Chinese Clinical Guideline (Moderate disease) | NR; 100% (12/12) * | NR; 79.4% (27/34) * | NR; 7.8% (8/103) * |
| ||
Chinese Clinical Guideline (Severe/critical disease) | NR; 0% (0/12) * | NR; 18.9% (7/37)* | NR; 92.2% (95/103) | |||||
Maghbooli [30] | Vitamin D3 | CDC criteria (Severe/critical disease) | Reference; 63.6% (49/77) * | 1.59 (1.05–2.41) *,b; 77.2% (122/158) * |
| |||
Ye [43] | Vitamin D | Chinese National Health Commission Guidelines (6th edition) (Mild/moderate disease) | Reference; 88.9% (32/36) # | NR; 69.2% (18/26) # |
| |||
Chinese National Health Commission Guidelines (6th edition) (Severe/critical disease) | Reference; 5.6% (2/36) # | 15.18 (1.23–187.45) c; 30.8% (8/26) # | ||||||
Number of symptomatic patients | NR; 80% (8/10) | NR; 100% (26/26) | NR; 100% (26/26) |
| ||||
Pizzini [36] | Vitamin D | Requiring hospitalisation, respiratory support or intensive care treatment |
| |||||
Calcium (total, ionised) |
| |||||||
Iron (Serum Ferritin) |
| |||||||
Dahan [24] | Iron (Serum Ferritin) | Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission |
| |||||
Sun [19] | Iron (Serum Ferritin) | New Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention and Control Program, 7th edition |
| |||||
Zhao [44] | Iron (Serum) | Chinese National Health Commission Guidelines (7th edition) |
| |||||
Smith [39] | Iron (Ferritin) | Hospitalisation and/or ICU admission, requiring mechanical ventilation and/or death |
| |||||
Sonnweber [40] | Iron/Ferritin | ICU admission, requiring oxygen therapy or respiratory support |
| |||||
Yasui [42] | Iron (Ferritin) | ICU admission, requiring oxygen therapy or respiratory support | All patients: NR; 36.7% (11/30) * Subset of inpatient: NR; 28.6% (6/21) | All patients: NR; 6.3% (2/32) * Subset of inpatient: NR; 12.5% (1/8) |
| |||
Zinc | Subset of inpatient: NR; 5% (1/20) * | Subset of inpatient: NR; 66.7% (6/9) * |
| |||||
Jothimani [26] | Zinc | Number of symptomatic patients | Reference; 90% (18/20) | 3.15 (0.58–17.67); 96.3% (26/27) |
| |||
Outcome: Progression to respiratory-related complication | ||||||||
Jothimani [26] | Zinc | ARDS development | NR; 0% (0/20) | NR; 18.5% (5/27) |
| |||
Wu [41] | Iron (Serum Ferritin) | ARDS development | 3.53 (1.52-8-16); NR | Reference; NR |
| |||
Maghbooli [30] | Vitamin D3 | ARDS development | NR; 11.7% (9/77) | NR; 17.1% (27/158) |
| |||
Im [25] | Vitamin D3 | Pneumonia incidence, or requiring high-flow nasal cannula, mechanical ventilator, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or death | NR; 50% (6/12) # | NR; 68.4% (26/38) # |
| |||
Vitamin B6 | NR; 66% (31/47) # | NR; 33.3% (1/3) # | ||||||
Vitamin B9 | NR; 64.6% (31/48) # | NR; 50% (1/2) # | ||||||
Selenium | NR; 65.5% (19/29) # | NR 61.9% (13/21) # | ||||||
≥1 deficiency | NR; 44.4% (4/9) # | NR; 68.3% (28/41) # | ||||||
Capone [46] | Vitamin C & Zinc | Requiring invasive mechanical ventilation |
| |||||
Radujkovic [37] | Vitamin D | Requiring any form of oxygen therapy | NR; 35.4% (54/144) * | NR;63.4% (26/41) * |
| |||
Tan [49] | Vitamin D, Magnesium & Vitamin B12 | Requiring oxygen therapy | 0.195 (0.041–0.926) d, 0.182 (0.038–0.859) e; 11.7% (2/17) * | Reference; 30.8% (8/26) * |
| |||
Outcome: Composite outcome (with multiple outcomes) | ||||||||
Liu [28] | Calcium (Serum calcium) | Need for mechanical ventilation, ICU admission due to COVID-19 episode, or all-cause mortality during admission | Reference; 25% (10/40) * | 2.962 (1.085–8.090) f; 47.8% (32/67) * |
| |||
Macaya [29] | Vitamin D3 α | Death, ICU admission or requiring high flow oxygen (greater than nasal cannula) | Reference; 31.4% (11/35) | 3.2 (0.9–11.4) g; 44.4% (20/45) |
| |||
Vitamin D3 β | NR; 45.5% (20/44) | NR; 20.6% (11/36) |
| |||||
Radujkovic [37] | Vitamin D3 ᶧ | Mechanical invasive ventilation and/or death from COVID-19 episode | For all subjects: Reference; NRFor inpatients only: Reference; 87.5% (56/64) # | For all subjects: 6.12(2.79–13.42) h; NR For inpatients only: 4.65 (2.11–10.25) h; 89.7% (26/29) # |
| |||
Vitamin D3 ᶲ | Reference; NR | For all subjects: 5.75 (1.73–19.09) h; NR For inpatients only: 3.99 (1.2–13.28) h; NR |
| |||||
Tan [49] | Vitamin D, Magnesium & Vitamin B12 | Requiring oxygen therapy or ICU admission due to COVID-19 episode | NR; 5.9% (1/17) * | NR; 30.8% (8/26) * |
|
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Wang, M.X.; Gwee, S.X.W.; Pang, J. Micronutrients Deficiency, Supplementation and Novel Coronavirus Infections—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051589
Wang MX, Gwee SXW, Pang J. Micronutrients Deficiency, Supplementation and Novel Coronavirus Infections—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051589
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Min Xian, Sylvia Xiao Wei Gwee, and Junxiong Pang. 2021. "Micronutrients Deficiency, Supplementation and Novel Coronavirus Infections—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051589