Low-Histamine Diets: Is the Exclusion of Foods Justified by Their Histamine Content?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Identification of Low-Histamine Diets
2.2. Content of Histamine and Other Biogenic Amines in Foods and Beverages Excluded from Low-Histamine Diets
3. Results
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Foods | n | Occurrence of Biogenic Amines (mg/kg or L) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Histamine | Putrescine | Cadaverine | Tyramine | Spermidine | Spermine | ||
Dry-fermented | 424 | 21.57 (52.10) | 68.23 (101.40) | 32.45 (72.96) | 140.9 (119.59) | 5.39 (5.94) | 25.12 (23.85) |
sausages | 129.95 | 280.3 | 172.10 | 378.51 | 18.80 | 59.94 | |
ND-474.82 | ND-537.05 | ND-658.05 | ND-742.60 | 3.04–32.65 | 0.34–224.15 | ||
Cured, semi-cured | 80 | 33.10 (77.10) | 68.90 (141.30) | 87.25 (283.55) | 128 (264.41) | 8.49 (12.40) | 1.84 (4.46) |
and | 203.30 | 423.00 | 356.52 | 613.46 | 36.38 | 12.58 | |
grated cheese | ND-389.86 | ND-666.92 | ND-2036.90 | ND-1567.50 | ND-68.92 | ND-21.03 | |
Soy-fermented | 21 | 73.95 (184.51) | 13.48 (6.71) | 6.88 (11.97) | 187.24 (446.59) | 34.84 (38.23) | 4.81 (5.24) |
products | 486.31 | 22.2 | 35.08 | 930 | 105.47 | 11.15 | |
ND-730.06 | 2.73–31.06 | ND-36.95 | ND-1730.17 | ND-124.03 | ND-21.89 | ||
Sauerkraut | 5 | 43.74 (51.45) | 232.66 (148.53) | 76.49 (73.85) | 43.47 (28.05) | 5.29 (3.86) | 0.85 (0.40) |
76.48 | 327.18 | 123.49 | 61.32 | 7.75 | 1.10 | ||
7.36–80.12 | 127.63–337.68 | 24.27–128.71 | 23.63–63.3 | 2.56–8.02 | 0.56–1.13 | ||
Beer | 176 | 1.23 (2.47) | 3.16 (2.89) | 1.28 (3.94) | 6.31 (8.04) | 0.48 (0.81) | 0.19 (0.61) |
3.28 | 7.61 | 4.66 | 25.44 | 1.7 | 1.14 | ||
ND-21.60 | ND-14.50 | ND-31.40 | 0.55–46.80 | ND-6.30 | ND-3.90 | ||
Wine | 299 | 3.63 (5.86) | ND | ND | 2.42 (2.47) | ND | ND |
12.3 | 7.5 | ||||||
0.09–34.25 | ND-15.85 | ||||||
Fresh white fish | 31 | 1.14 (6.46) | 1.33 (2.67) | 1.61 (6.01) | 1.03 (3.39) | 2.25 (1.91) | 6.78 (2.65) |
ND | 7.43 | 4.8 | 6.51 | 5.32 | 11.27 | ||
ND-36.55 | ND-10.50 | ND-33.65 | ND-17.10 | ND-7.85 | 2.05–13.50 | ||
Fresh oily fish | 49 | 3.27 (15.71) | 2.37 (6.71) | 13.22 (67.40) | 1.18 (5.43) | 6.69 (3.09) | 14.47 (9.75) |
6.66 | 5.02 | 10.45 | 2.19 | 11.39 | 31.67 | ||
ND-111.26 | ND-39.89 | ND-400.23 | ND-37.20 | 1.20–11.90 | 1.05 -37.03 | ||
Preserved and | 151 | 10.03 (53.32) | 2.79 (3.81) | 7.41 (10.79) | 8.23 (14.87) | 3.61 (2.78) | 7.48 (6.05) |
semi-preserved | 20.39 | 9.02 | 29.23 | 40.6 | 7.94 | 17.05 | |
fish | ND-657.05 | ND-21.15 | ND-55.80 | ND-88.50 | 0.37–11.80 | ND-35.20 | |
Seafood | 7 | ND | 3.02 (3.01) | ND | 0.15 (0.27) | 4.03 (3.23) | 10.63 (6.92) |
7.62 | 0.58 | 7.94 | 19.21 | ||||
1.44–9.79 | ND-0.65 | 0.82–8.37 | 4.93–19.73 | ||||
Fresh meat | 199 | ND | 1.35 (2.66) | 5.02 (14.55) | 4.32 (8.62) | 1.16 (4.59) | 17.08 (4.59) |
3.04 | 28.71 | 35.89 | 3.4 | 29.55 | |||
ND-9.68 | ND-51.16 | ND-38.77 | ND-13.96 | 9.70–25.69 | |||
Cured meat | 23 | 4.89 (22.70) | 4.65 (5.18) | 38.03 (92.82) | 3.43 (10.56) | 6.05 (0.92) | 37.82 (10.46) |
3.54 | 9.24 | 49.64 | 42.58 | 6.88 | 42.58 | ||
ND-150 | ND-17.40 | ND-305 | ND-46.50 | 4.5–7.30 | 24.9–62.10 | ||
Milk | 5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Yogurt | 5 | ND | 2.04 (2.01) | ND | ND | 1.07 (0.75) | 0.28 (0.39) |
2.23 | 0.69 | 0.3 | |||||
ND-4.05 | 0.50–1.75 | ND-0.50 | |||||
Eggs | 14 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.61 (1.54) | 4.48 (1.72) |
4.43 | 5.27 | ||||||
ND-4.47 | 0.32–5.31 | ||||||
Soybeans | 5 | ND | 19.07 (4.39) | 9.04 (1.09) | ND | 99.55 (3.52) | 25.92 (7.34) |
21.86 | 9.74 | 101.79 | 30.58 | ||||
15.96–22.17 | 8.27–9.81 | 97.06–102.04 | 20.73–31.10 | ||||
Eggplant | 23 | 39.42 (30.66) | 34.30 (6.98) | ND | 0.60 (0.90) | 5.06 (1.93) | 0.47 (0.48) |
98.84 | 46.29 | 2.24 | 7.7 | 1.29 | |||
4.17–100.64 | 24.10–48.63 | ND-2.27 | 2.54–7.97 | ND-1.38 | |||
Spinach | 18 | 31.77 (17.02) | 4.48 (2.46) | ND (0.02) | 2.05 (0.83) | 28.22 (9.72) | 3.33 (1.89) |
63.37 | 7.70 | 0.01 | 3.10 | 44.53 | 6.13 | ||
9.46–69.72 | 0.14–9.20 | ND-0.08 | 0.79–4.28 | 15.63–52.98 | ND-8.85 | ||
Tomato | 53 | 2.51 (4.08) | 16.48 (6.93) | 0.50 (0.48) | 0.49 (0.92) | 3.04 (1.41) | 0.08 (0.16) |
13.83 | 30.16 | 1.42 | 1.21 | 5.69 | 0.36 | ||
ND-17.07 | 6.29–35.55 | ND-2.33 | ND-6.38 | 2.91–7.90 | ND-0.73 | ||
Pumpkin | 13 | ND | 9.87 (6.19) | 0.58 (0.78) | ND | 10.32 (2.83) | 1.77 (1.99) |
19.17 | 1.82 | 13.88 | 5.21 | ||||
2.95–24.23 | ND-2.15 | 6.19–14.98 | 0.5–6.88 | ||||
Apricot | 4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.86 (1.59) | ND |
6.50 | |||||||
4.16–7.68 | |||||||
Avocado | 5 | ND | ND | ND | 1.81 (2.06) | 3.15 (3.27) | 4.50 (2.52) |
4.65 | 6.69 | 7.61 | |||||
0.58–5.44 | 0.18–6.72 | 2.02–7.92 | |||||
Banana | 8 | ND | 37.94 (8.32) | ND | 0.53 (0.79) | 11.91 (2.90) | 1.33 (0.97) |
47.37 | ND | 15.10 | 2.67 | ||||
25.50–49.49 | ND-1.85 | 7.62–15.79 | ND- 2.75 | ||||
Citrus fruits | 38 | ND | 79.75 (44.36) | ND | ND | 2.57 (1.28) | 0.12 (0.36) |
146.16 | 4.86 | 1.02 | |||||
1.21–173.81 | 0.18–6.24 | ND-1.14 | |||||
Cherry | 5 | ND | 3.42 (0.06) | ND | ND | 2.37 (0.16) | ND |
3.46 | 2.47 | ||||||
3.42–3.46 | 2.26–2.47 | ||||||
Grapes | 10 | ND | 2.69 (0.34) | ND | ND | 5.25 (2.61) | 2.59 (0.11) |
4.05 | 8.6 | 2.56 | |||||
1–4.30 | ND-9.70 | 2.35–2.68 | |||||
Kiwi | 13 | ND | 1.47 (0.47) | ND | ND | 5.35 (1.06) | 0.73 (0.56) |
2.07 | 6.39 | 1.41 | |||||
0.48–2.17 | 2.72–6.39 | ND-1.50 | |||||
Papaya | 6 | ND | 7.25 (5.80) | ND | ND | 14.35 (4.32) | 1.16 (1.59) |
11.86 | 15.45 | 2.06 | |||||
ND-12.48 | 10.32–19.07 | ND-2.99 | |||||
Pineapple | 5 | ND | 2.69 (1.42) | ND | ND | 1.92 (1.26) | 0.48 (0.21) |
3.89 | 3.15 | 0.75 | |||||
0.56–3.97 | 0.27–3.18 | 0.32–0.77 | |||||
Plum | 6 | ND | ND | ND | 4.02 (4.32) | 2.68 (0.30) | 1.74 (2.47) |
6.76 | 2.87 | 3.31 | |||||
0.96–7.07 | 2.47–2.89 | ND- 3.48 | |||||
Red fruits | 7 | ND | ND | ND | 7.37 (1.03) | 5.58 (1.16) | 1.97 (1.61) |
9.36 | 2.54 | 1.65 | |||||
3.34–11.52 | 0.78–3.98 | ND–3.73 | |||||
Strawberries | 9 | ND | 3.77 (1.52) | ND | ND | 6.00 (1.56) | 0.46 (0.69) |
6.09 | 8.52 | 1.5 | |||||
2.04–6.41 | 4.62–9.86 | ND-1.62 | |||||
Olives | 5 | ND | 2.64 (1.58) | ND | 1.95 (1.85) | ND | ND |
4.2 | 3.7 | ||||||
1.54–4.45 | 0.28–3.94 | ||||||
Nuts | 47 | ND | 4.40 (7.11) | 0.25 (1.69) | 0.11 (0.41) | 28.64 (24) | 11.14 (8.91) |
12.58 | ND | 0.66 | 55.23 | 23.73 | |||
ND-39.51 | ND-11.58 | ND-2.63 | 6.21–140.55 | ND-50.81 | |||
Chocolate | 15 | ND | 0.41 (0.65) | 0.42 (0.96) | 3.70 (1.24) | 3.11 (0.70) | 2.00 (0.90) |
1.89 | ND | 5.69 | 4.23 | 2.65 | |||
ND- 1.98 | ND-2.78 | 2.27–5.81 | 2.17–4.65 | ND-2.72 | |||
Tea | 9 | ND | 2.61 (0.49) | ND | 5.07 (3.80) | 5.86 (1.18) | 18.32 (5.31) |
3.12 | 8.34 | 6.59 | 22.84 | ||||
2.66–3.37 | ND-10.08 | 3.66–7.64 | 8.23–23.94 |
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Sánchez-Pérez, S.; Comas-Basté, O.; Veciana-Nogués, M.T.; Latorre-Moratalla, M.L.; Vidal-Carou, M.C. Low-Histamine Diets: Is the Exclusion of Foods Justified by Their Histamine Content? Nutrients 2021, 13, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051395
Sánchez-Pérez S, Comas-Basté O, Veciana-Nogués MT, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Vidal-Carou MC. Low-Histamine Diets: Is the Exclusion of Foods Justified by Their Histamine Content? Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051395
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Pérez, Sònia, Oriol Comas-Basté, M. Teresa Veciana-Nogués, M. Luz Latorre-Moratalla, and M. Carmen Vidal-Carou. 2021. "Low-Histamine Diets: Is the Exclusion of Foods Justified by Their Histamine Content?" Nutrients 13, no. 5: 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051395