Different Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Formulations Distinctively Modify Tissue Fatty Acid and N-Acylethanolamine Profiles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Diets
2.2. Animals and Sample Collection
2.3. Lipid Analysis
2.3.1. Measurement of Fatty Acids
2.3.2. Measurement of N-acylethanolamines (NAE)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Modification of FA Profiles by n-3 PUFA Diets in Different Tissues
3.2. Effect of n-3 PUFA Diets on the Levels of NAE in Different Tissues
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AA | arachidonic acid |
AEA | N-arachidonoylethanolamide or anandamide |
ALA | α-linolenic acid |
Buglos | Buglossoides arvensis oil |
CE | collision energy |
CV | cone voltage |
DAD | diode array detector |
DHA | docosahexaenoic acid |
DHEA | N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide |
DPA | docosapentanoic acid |
DTA | docosatetraenoic acid |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
EPEA | N-eicosapentaenoylethanolamide |
ESI | electrospray ionization |
ETA | eicosatrienoic acid |
FA | fatty acids |
FAMEs | fatty acid methyl esters |
FID | flame ionization detector |
FO | fish oil |
GLA | γ-linolenic acid |
HUFA | high unsaturated fatty acids |
LA | linoleic acid |
LAA | lauric acid |
LEA | N-linoleoylethanolamide |
LSO | linseed oil |
MA | myristic acid |
MilkFat | milk fat diet |
MRM | multiple reaction monitoring |
MS | mass spectrometry |
NAE | N-acylethanolamides |
Nanno | Nannochloropsis microalga oil |
OA | oleic acid |
OEA | N-oleoylethanolamide |
PEA | N-palmitoylethanolamine |
PI | product ion |
PUFA | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
SAFA | saturated fatty acids |
Schy | Schizochytrium microalga oil |
SDA | stearidonic acid |
SA | stearic acid |
SEA | N-stearoylethanolamide |
VAT | visceral adipose tissue. |
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FA | MilkFat | LSO | Buglos | FO | Nanno | Schy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8:0 | 2.7 | 1.87 | 3.24 | 1.94 | 2.56 | 3.16 |
10:0 | 5.99 | 6.37 | 8.06 | 4.42 | 4.44 | 5.02 |
12:0 | 2.34 | 3.5 | 3.69 | 2.17 | 2.79 | 1.23 |
14:0 | 8.6 | 7.24 | 8.75 | 9.05 | 8.07 | 8.84 |
15:0 | 18:57 | 0.74 | 0.75 | ND | ND | 2.16 |
16:0 | 27.43 | 25.29 | 25.00 | 27.82 | 25.94 | 29.12 |
16:1n-7 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 2.41 | 4.69 | 1.13 |
17:0 | ND | 0.38 | ND | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.66 |
18:0 | 4.43 | 4.31 | 3.55 | 5.58 | 7.34 | 5.19 |
18:1n-9 | 20.39 | 20.87 | 17.7 | 21.82 | 19.35 | 19.43 |
18:1n-7 | 0.55 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.98 | 0.44 | 0.68 |
18:2n-6 | 21.33 | 15.91 | 14.01 | 13.79 | 16.48 | 16.06 |
18:3n-6 | ND | ND | 1.54 | ND | ND | ND |
18:3n-3 | 2.61 | 10.78 | 7.82 | 1.72 | 1.88 | 1.94 |
18:4n-3 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 2.53 | 0.33 | 0.25 | ND |
20:4n-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.75 | ND |
20:5n-3 | ND | ND | ND | 1.4 | 4.45 | ND |
22:1n-11 | ND | ND | ND | 0.98 | ND | ND |
22:6n-3 | ND | ND | ND | 1.49 | ND | 4.08 |
Others | 1.59 | 0.86 | 2.02 | 1.88 | 0.2 | 1.34 |
Oil % | 17.92 | 17.67 | 17.02 | 17.47 | 16.26 | 16.76 |
SUM | 98.41 | 99.2 | 97.98 | 98.12 | 99.85 | 98.70 |
FA | MilkFat | LSO | Buglos | FO | Nanno | Schy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALA, 18:3n-3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 a,b | 4.8 ± 0.1 a | 3.0 ± 0.4 a | 0.9 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.9 ± 0.1 a,b | 0.7 ± 0.1 b |
SDA, 18:4n-3 | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | ND | ND |
EPA, 20:5n-3 | 0.4 ± 0.1 b | 1.8 ± 0.1 a,b | 1.5 ± 0.1 a,b | 3.7 ± 0.1 a | 3.9 ± 0.2 a | 0.9 ± 0.1 a,b |
DPA, 22:5n-3 | ND | 1.5 ± 0.2 a | 1.0 ± 0.2 a | 1.6 ± 0.3 a | 1.5 ± 0.2 a | ND |
DHA, 22:6n-3 | 1.0 ± 0.1 a,b | 1.2 ± 0.1 a,b | 0.9 ± 0.1 a,b | 3.6 ± 0.1 a | 0.6 ± 0.0 b | 3.4 ± 0.2 a |
LA, 18:2n-6 | 23.2 ± 0.8 a | 21.7 ± 0.4 a,b | 20.1 ± 0.5 a,b | 20.6 ± 0.4 a,b | 21.5 ± 0.3 a,b | 15.2 ± 0.6 b |
GLA, 18:3n-6 | 0.3 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.7 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.1 ± 0.0 b |
ETA, 20:3n-6 | 1.1 ± 0.2 a,b | 0.8 ± 0.1 b | 1.9 ± 0.2 a,b | 0.9 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.8 ± 0.1 a,b | 2.5 ± 0.1 a |
AA, 20:4n-6 | 11.3 ± 0.7 a | 8.4 ± 0.4 a,b | 8.4 ± 0.2 a,b | 6.2 ± 0.3 b | 12.1 ± 0.9 a | 10.6 ± 0.1 a,b |
14:1 n-7 | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 a |
POA, 16:1n-7 | 1.4 ± 0.2 a | 1.6 ± 0.1 a | 1.3 ± 0.1 a | 2.1 ± 0.2 a | 1.8 ± 0.3 a | 1.4 ± 0.3 a |
OA, 18:1n-9 | 13.8 ± 1.0 a,b | 15.8 ± 0.4 a | 14.7 ± 0.3 a,b | 15.9 ± 0.2 a | 13.0 ± 0.7 a,b | 10.9 ±0.6 b |
MA, 14:0 | 2.1 ± 0.3 a,b | 0.9 ± 0.3 b | 1.4 ± 0.3 a,b | 1.8 ± 0.4 a,b | 1.8 ± 0.1 a,b | 2.8 ± 0.3 a |
PA, 16:0 | 26.8 ± 0.2 a,b | 25.3 ± 0.4 b | 27.1 ± 0.4 a,b | 28.5 ± 0.7 a,b | 27.8 ± 0.3 a,b | 31.2 ± 0.8 a |
SA, 18:0 | 13.4 ± 0.5 a,b | 13.2 ± 0.4 a,b | 13.6 ± 0.9 a,b | 11.1 ± 0.3 b | 11.5 ± 0.3 a,b | 14.7 ± 1.0 a |
SAFA | 42.3 ± 0.5 a,b | 39.4 ± 0.4 b | 42.1 ± 0.8 a,b | 41.5 ± 0.7 a,b | 41.1 ± 0.5 a,b | 48.7 ± 0.7 a |
MUFA | 15.4 ± 1.1 a,b | 17.7 ± 0.5 a,b | 16.3 ± 0.3 a,b | 18.4 ± 0.2 a | 15.1 ± 0.9 a,b | 12.7 ± 0.7 b |
PUFA | 39.0 ± 1.8 a,b | 40.3 ± 1.1 a,b | 37.7 ± 1.7 a,b | 37.5 ± 0.6 a,b | 41.7 ± 0.7 a | 33.8 ± 1.2 b |
PUFAn-3 | 2.9 ± 0.4 b | 9.0 ± 0.6 a | 6.4 ± 0.8 a,b | 9.5 ± 0.4 a | 6.9 ± 0.4 a,b | 5.3 ± 0.4 a,b |
PUFAn-6 | 35.9 ± 0.7 a | 31.0 ± 0.6 a,b,c | 31.1 ± 0.8 a,b | 27.7 ± 0.5 b | 34.6 ± 1.0 a,c | 28.4 ± 0.8 b,c |
n-6/n-3 PUFA | 12.8 ± 1.4 a | 3.5 ± 0.2 b | 5.1 ± 0.7 a,b | 2.9 ± 0.2 b | 5.0 ± 0.4 a,b | 5.4 ± 0.3 a,b |
n-3 HUFA score | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.2 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.5 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.3 ± 0.0 a,b |
FA | MilkFat | LSO | Buglos | FO | Nanno | Schy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALA, 18:3n3 | 1.7 ±0.1 a,b | 8.6 ± 0.2 a | 5.5 ± 0.2 a | 1.7 ± 0.0 a,b | 2.0 ± 0.2 a,b | 1.0 ± 0.1 b |
SDA, 18:4n-3 | 0.2 ± 0.0 a,b,c | 0.3 ± 0.0 a,b | 1.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 a,b,c | 0.1 ± 0.0 b,c | 0.05 ± 0.01 c |
EPA, 20:5n-3 | 0.5 ± 0.0 b | 1.7 ± 0.2 a,b | 2.0 ± 0.0 a,b | 3.7 ± 0.1 a | 3.7 ± 0.2 a | 1.2 ± 0.2 a,b |
DPA, 22:5n-3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 b,c | 2.3 ± 0.1 a,b | 1.9 ± 0.1 a,b | 2.5 ± 0.1 a,c | 3.1 ± 0.1 a | 0.8 ± 0.0 b |
DHA, 22:6n-3 | 1.6 ± 0.1 b,c | 2.4 ± 0.1 a,b,c | 2.2 ± 0.1 a,b,c | 7.4 ± 0.1 a,b | 1.2 ± 0.0 c | 9.0 ± 0.1 a |
LA, 18:2n-6 | 29.9 ± 1.2 a | 23.7 ± 0.3 a,b | 24.7 ± 0.7 a,b | 19.3 ± 0.5 b | 22.3 ± 0.7 a,b | 20.7 ± 0.6 b |
GLA, 18:3n-6 | 1.0 ± 0.2 a,b | ND | 2.1 ± 0.3 a | ND | ND | 0.3 ± 0.0 b |
ETA, 20:3n-6 | 1.3 ± 0.1 a,b | 1.0 ± 0.1 a,b | 1.9 ± 0.2a | 0.7 ± 0.0 b | 1.0 ± 0.1 a,b | 3.1 ± 0.1 a |
AA, 20:4n-6 | 6.5 ± 0.1 a,b | 5.0 ± 0.6 a,b | 5.1 ± 0.1 a,b | 4.6 ± 0.1 b | 8.0 ± 0.7 a | 9.5 ± 0.5 a |
DTA, 22:4n-6 | 0.2 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.1 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.2 ± 0.1 a,b | 0.1 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.1 ± 0.0 b |
POA, 16:1n7 | 3.5 ± 0.5 a | 2.6 ± 0.1 a | 3.0 ± 0.2 a | 4.0 ± 0.3 a | 4.7 ± 0.9 a | 2.7 ± 0.1 a |
OA, 18:1n-9 | 14.8 ± 0.6 a,b | 16.2 ± 0.5 a | 14.4 ± 0.6 a,b | 17.0 ± 0.6 a | 14.6 ± 1.2 a,b | 10.9 ± 0.2 b |
LAA, 12:0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.1 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | 0.1 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.1 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.05 ± 0.0 b |
MA, 14:0 | 1.7 ± 0.1 a | 1.8 ± 0.0 a | 1.9 ± 0.2 a | 2.0 ± 0.1 a | 1.7 ± 0.2 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a |
PA, 16:0 | 24.3 ± 0.2 a,b | 23.2 ± 0.2 b | 24.0 ± 0.5 a,b | 26.8 ± 0.6 a | 24.9 ± 0.4 a,b | 26.4 ± 0.5 a |
SA, 18:0 | 8.5 ± 0.9 a,b | 8.0 ± 0.4 b | 10.2 ± 0.8 a,b | 8.6 ± 0.1 a,b | 10.1 ± 1.1 a,b | 11.7 ± 0.4 a |
SAFA | 34.6 ± 0.9 a,b | 33.5 ± 0.5 b | 36.2 ± 1.1 a,b | 37.5 ± 0.8 a,b | 36.9 ± 1.3 a,b | 39.1 ± 0.4 a |
MUFA | 18.3 ± 0.9 a,b | 18.8 ± 0.5 a,b | 17.4 ± 0.7 a,b | 21.0 ± 0.7 a | 19.3 ± 2.1 a,b | 13.7 ± 0.3 b |
PUFA | 44.3 ± 1.0 a,b | 45.5 ± 0.9 a,b | 47.2 ± 0.8 a | 40.7 ± 0.6 b | 42.0 ± 1.1 a,b | 45.9 ± 0.4 a,b |
PUFAn-3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 b | 15.4 ± 0.2 a | 12.9 ± 0.2 a,b | 15.5 ± 0.2 a | 10.2 ± 0.4 a,b | 12.1 ± 0.2 a,b |
PUFAn-6 | 38.9 ± 1.3 a | 29.9 ± 0.7 a,b | 34.0 ± 0.7 a,b | 24.9 ± 0.6 b | 31.4 ± 1.3 a,b | 33.6 ± 0.3 a,b |
n-6/n-3 PUFA | 7.7 ± 1.3 a | 1.9 ± 0.0 b | 2.6 ± 0.1 a,b | 1.6 ± 0.1 b | 3.1 ± 0.5 a,b | 2.8 ± 0.1 a,b |
n-3 HUFA score | 0.3 ± 0.0 b | 0.5 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.5 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.7 ± 0.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.0 a,b | 0.5 ± 0.0 a,b |
FA | MilkFat | LSO | Buglos | FO | Nanno | Schy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALA, 18:3n3 | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a |
EPA, 20:5n-3 | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.05 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b |
DPA, 22:5n-3 | 0.37 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.50 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.53 ± 0.11 a,b | 0.62 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.65 ± 0.05 a | 0.27 ± 0.04 b |
DHA, 22:6n-3 | 9.16 ± 0.26 a,b | 8.52 ± 0.14 b | 9.02 ± 0.05 a,b | 9.23 ± 0.40 a,b | 9.16 ± 0.25 a,b | 9.93 ± 0.33 a |
LA, 18:2n-6 | 1.53 ± 0.13 a,b | 1.66 ± 0.05 a,b | 1.77 ± 0.06 a,b | 1.71 ± 0.05 a,b | 1.88 ± 0.09 a | 1.23 ± 0.04 b |
ETA, 20:3n-6 | 0.36 ± 0.09 a,b | 0.39 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.62 ± 0.08 a | 0.49 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | 0.34 ± 0.03 a,b |
AA, 20:4n-6 | 9.55 ± 0.24 a | 8.06 ± 0.07 b | 8.99 ± 0.17 a,b | 7.88 ± 0.17 b | 8.88 ± 0.06 a,b | 8.43 ± 0.12 a,b |
DTA, 22:4n-6 | 2.07 ± 0.04 a,b | 1.79 ± 0.02 a,b,c | 2.01 ± 0.03 a,b | 1.53 ± 0.02 c | 1.88 ± 0.01 a,b,c | 1.64 ± 0.07 b,c |
DPA, 22:5n-6 | 0.52 ± 0.09 a | 0.21 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.24 ± 0.06 a,b | 0.14 ± 0.00 b | 0.27 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.61 ± 0.04 a |
POA, 16:1n7 | 0.78 ± 0.06 a | 0.62 ± 0.05 a | 0.69 ± 0.04 a | 0.83 ± 0.05 a | 0.77 ± 0.03 a | 0.70 ± 0.02 a |
OA, 18:1n-9 | 19.34 ± 0.84 a | 19.88 ± 0.39 a | 20.01 ± 0.36 a | 19.85 ± 0.81 a | 18.88 ± 0.47 a | 20.15 ± 0.73 a |
LAA, 12:0 | 0.34 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.22 ± 0.02 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.27 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.33 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.42 ± 0.04 a |
MA, 14:0 | 2.21 ± 0.12 b | 3.06 ± 0.16 a | 2.29 ± 0.14 a,b | 2.71 ± 0.16 a,b | 2.53 ± 0.08 a,b | 2.31 ± 0.13 a,b |
PA, 16:0 | 31.35 ± 0.43 a | 31.87 ± 0.14 a | 30.91 ± 0.38 a | 31.94 ± 0.69 a | 31.73 ± 0.13 a | 31.23 ± 0.27 a |
SA, 18:0 | 19.57 ± 0.15 a | 20.18 ± 0.31 a | 19.89 ± 0.06 a | 20.14 ± 0.40 a | 19.79 ± 0.12 a | 19.64 ± 0.1 a |
SAFA | 53.46 ± 0.52 a | 55.33 ± 0.31 a | 53.38 ± 0.46 a | 55.06 ± 1.12 a | 54.38 ± 0.19 a | 53.60 ± 0.29 a |
MUFA | 20.12 ± 0.81 a | 20.50 ± 0.37 a | 20.70 ± 0.35 a | 20.68 ± 0.84 a | 19.65 ± 0.48 a | 20.85 ± 0.75 a |
PUFA | 24.00 ± 0.48 a | 21.62 ± 0.17 b | 23.91 ± 0.16 a,b | 22.24 ± 0.68 a,b | 23.44 ± 0.48 a,b | 22.88 ± 0.36 a,b |
PUFAn-3 | 9.59 ± 0.26 a | 9.12 ± 0.14 a | 9.65 ± 0.14 a | 9.99 ± 0.47 a | 9.90 ± 0.30 a | 10.28 ± 0.32 a |
PUFAn-6 | 14.39 ± 0.28 a | 12.49 ± 0.08 a,b | 14.25 ± 0.14 a | 12.24 ± 0.22 b | 13.53 ± 0.19 a,b | 12.59 ± 0.12 a,b |
n-6/n-3 PUFA | 1.50 ± 0.06 a | 1.37 ± 0.04 a,b | 1.48 ± 0.06a | 1.23 ± 0.08 b | 1.37 ± 0.05 a,b | 1.23 ± 0.08 b |
n-3 HUFA score | 0.43 ± 0.01 b | 0.46 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.45 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.50 ± 0.02 a | 0.46 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.48 ± 0.02 a |
FA | MilkFat | LSO | Buglos | FO | Nanno | Schy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALA, 18:3n3 | 2.12 ± 0.06 a,b | 5.88 ± 0.76 a | 5.23 ± 0.80 a | 1.23 ± 0.12 b | 1.82 ± 0.07 a,b | 1.64 ± 0.06 a,b |
SDA, 18:4n-3 | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.55 ± 0.14 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b |
EPA, 20:5n-3 | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.07 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.19 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a,b |
DPA, 22:5n-3 | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | 0.21 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.34 ± 0.04 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 a,b |
DHA, 22:6n-3 | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.40 ± 0.01 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a,b | 1.32 ± 0.08 a |
LA, 18:2n-6 | 23.90 ± 0.17 a | 14.81 ± 1.62 b | 21.38 ± 1.49 a,b | 14.76 ± 0.79 b | 20.45 ± 0.83 a,b | 19.63 ± 0.78 a,b |
GLA, 18:3n-6 | 0.07 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.08 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.72 ± 0.18 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.07 ± 0.01 a,b |
ETA, 20:3n-6 | 0.12 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.09 ± 0.02 b | 0.22 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.15 ± 0.01 a,b | ND |
AA, 20:4n-6 | 0.20 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.14 ± 0.02 b | 0.18 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.15 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.30 ± 0.02 a |
14:1n-5 | 0.25 ± 0.02 a | 0.23 ± 0.04 a | 0.30 ± 0.03 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.29 ± 0.02 a |
POA, 16:1n7 | 1.96 ± 0.14 b | 1.69 ± 0.27 b | 2.52 ± 0.12 a,b | 2.91 ± 0.25 a,b | 3.82 ± 0.20 a | 2.53 ± 0.41 a,b |
OA, 18:1n-9 | 27.83 ± 0.28 a | 23.69 ± 3.36 a | 32.64 ± 0.79 a | 25.47 ± 1.46 a | 26.03 ± 0.32 a | 24.71 ± 1.60 a |
LAA, 12:0 | 1.70 ± 0.10 a | 1.97 ± 0.22 a | 1.51 ± 0.05 a | 2.06 ± 0.14 a | 1.71 ± 0.10 a | 1.86 ± 0.15 a |
MA, 14:0 | 5.35 ± 0.15 a,b | 6.76 ± 0.75 a,b | 4.83 ± 0.23 b | 7.87 ± 0.46 a | 6.03 ± 0.36 a,b | 6.37 ± 0.46 a,b |
PA, 16:0 | 28.16 ± 0.46 a,b | 34.73 ± 4.28 a,b | 23.92 ± 1.66 b | 35.65 ± 1.74 a | 28.82 ± 1.65 a,b | 31.58 ± 1.80 a,b |
SA, 18:0 | 4.66 ± 0.13 a | 5.47 ± 0.47 a | 4.00 ± 0.30 a | 5.40 ± 0.32 a | 4.73 ± 0.49 a | 4.97 ± 0.36 a |
SAFA | 30.42 ± 10.14 a,b | 49.46 ± 5.68 a,b | 34.83 ± 2.17 b | 51.39 ± 2.64 a | 41.68 ± 2.49 a,b | 45.52 ± 2.75 a,b |
MUFA | 30.04 ± 0.18 a,b | 25.60 ± 3.65 a,b | 35.46 ± 0.65 a | 28.65 ± 1.71 a,b | 30.22 ± 0.44 a,b | 27.53 ± 1.81 b |
PUFA | 26.95 ± 0.30 a,b | 21.63 ± 2.46 a,b | 29.06 ± 0.80 a | 13.20 ± 4.47 b | 24.11 ± 0.88 a,b | 24.37 ± 0.94 a,b |
PUFAn-3 | 2.24 ± 0.07 b,c | 6.11 ± 0.77 a | 6.03 ± 0.95 a,b | 2.12 ± 0.15 c | 2.61 ± 0.03 a,b,c | 3.15 ± 0.15 a,b,c |
PUFAn-6 | 24.33 ± 0.20 a | 15.14 ± 1.67 b | 22.53 ± 1.33 a,b | 15.11 ± 0.81 b | 21.01 ± 0.84 a,b | 20.84 ± 0.94 a,b |
n-6/n-3 PUFA | 10.87 ± 0.54 a | 2.51 ± 0.23 b | 4.26 ± 2.30 a,b | 7.16 ± 0.58 a,b | 8.03 ± 0.55 a | 6.67 ± 0.98 a,b |
n-3 HUFA score | 0.24 ± 0.02 b | 0.48 ± 0.08 a,b | 0.37 ± 0.04 b | 0.73 ± 0.02 a | 0.61 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.58 ± 0.11 a,b |
NAE | MilkFat | LSO | Buglos | FO | Nanno | Schy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma | ||||||
EPEA | 117.6 ± 11.2 a | 19.7 ± 3.5 b | 72.7 ± 12.3 a,b | 35.5 ± 12.4 a,b | 43.5 ± 10.3 a,b | 108.0 ± 7.4 a |
POEA | 11.9 ± 0.7 a | 10.7 ± 1.2 a | 13.7 ± 2.5 a | 14.2 ± 4.8 a | 14.6 ± 1.7 a | 19.2 ± 0.8 a |
LEA | 60.7 ± 2.9 a | 52.3 ± 4.0 a | 70.2 ± 12.2 a | 44.2 ± 15.0 a | 65.2 ± 1.9 a | 67.8 ± 5.2 a |
AEA | 25.1 ± 1.9 a | 17.5 ± 1.5 a | 22.8 ± 3.0 a | 13.1 ± 4.6 a | 22.5 ± 1.3 a | 25.9 ± 1.3 a |
DHEA | 42.3 ± 3.0 a,b | 37.3 ± 0.7 a,b | 43.3 ± 5.1 a,b | 60.0 ± 2.1 a,b | 37.6 ± 2.9 b | 138.8 ± 7.5 a |
OEA | 142.0 ± 9.1 a | 118.9 ± 14.7 a | 140.0 ± 14.0 a | 118.7 ± 41.8 a | 147.3 ± 4.3 a | 165.6 ± 10.5 a |
SEA | 237.2 ± 26.2 a,b | 179.9 ± 14.6 a,b | 163.9 ± 16.9 b | 193.3 ± 48.8 a,b | 224.5 ± 10.1 a,b | 319.6 ± 28.6 a |
PEA | 181.7 ± 13.1 a,b | 167.8 ± 27.6 b | 220.1 ± 26.7 a,b | 213.3 ± 22.0 a,b | 193.5 ± 16.7 a,b | 275.2 ± 6.8 a |
Liver | ||||||
EPEA | 52.4 ± 8.5 a,b | 163.6 ± 12.9 a | 27.1 ± 6.6 b | 161.3 ± 15.3 a | 112.2 ± 15.9 a,b | 52.4 ± 12.8 a,b |
POEA | 5.8 ± 1.2 a | 7.9 ± 1.6 a | 4.4 ± 1.3 a | 10.3 ± 1.4 a | 4.9 ± 0.7 a | 4.6 ± 0.8 a |
LEA | 188.8 ± 16.7 a | 111.4 ± 7.6 a,b | 105.6 ± 6.8 a,b | 104.0 ± 5.1 a,b | 81.3 ± 8.3 b | 117.4 ± 5.2 a,b |
AEA | 51.1 ± 9.0 a,b | 34.2 ± 2.5 a,b | 34.1 ± 3.9 a,b | 24.3 ± 4.3 b | 31.5 ± 7.1 a,b | 53.8 ± 3.3 a |
DHEA | 13.2 ± 1.2 a,b,c | 13.1 ± 1.3 a,b,c | 10.1 ± 0.5 b,c | 42.0 ± 5.3 a,b | 6.3 ± 1.1 c | 83.9 ± 6.3 a |
OEA | 58.2 ± 13.3 a | 56.2 ± 6.1 a | 48.7 ± 1.3 a | 47.0 ± 4.8 a | 32.6 ± 4.9 a | 51.2 ± 6.7 a |
SEA | 32.3 ± 1.1 a,b | 49.5 ± 1.7 a,b | 54.8 ±5.0 a | 50.8 ± 3.3 a,b | 22.0 ± 1.8 b | 60.1 ± 7.2 a |
PEA | 33.3 ± 3.9 a,b | 26.1 ± 2.2 a,b | 26.7 ± 1.2 a,b | 31.1 ± 3.1 a,b | 21.6 ± 4.0 b | 49.9 ± 3.0 a |
Brain | ||||||
EPEA | 19.1 ± 2.9 b | 30.3 ± 5.7 a,b | 34.3 ± 5.6 a,b | 62.0 ± 6.8 a | 51.7 ± 14.8 a,b | 37.2 ± 6.9 a,b |
POEA | 110.8 ± 8.5 a | 79.2 ± 4.9 a | 95.8 ± 5.3 a | 110.8 ± 11.3 a | 67.7 ± 11.0 a | 88.4 ± 7.0 a |
LEA | 313.1 ± 36.3 a | 159.6 ± 3.4 b | 222.0 ± 23.0 a,b | 191.2 ± 19.2 a,b | 148.9 ± 31.5 b | 236.6 ± 26.7 a,b |
AEA | 2181.1 ± 173.0 a | 1212.9 ± 24.8 b | 1702.2 ± 69.0 a,b | 1232.6 ± 62.5 b | 1232.1 ± 179.1 a,b | 1563.1 ± 88.3 a,b |
DHEA | 453.1 ± 53.2 a | 403.6 ± 3.3 a | 363.2 ± 41.0 a | 437.9 ± 14.0 a | 323.3 ± 39.6 a | 468.9 ± 34.7 a |
OEA | 973.9 ± 74.0 a | 804.9 ± 21.2 a | 809.3 ± 63.9 a | 820.4 ± 50.2 a | 619.7 ± 111.4 a | 918.7 ± 68.8 a |
SEA | 321.7 ± 52.2 a | 141.0 ± 17.9 a | 204.7 ± 81.0 a | 251.9 ± 79.6 a | 188.3 ± 31.2 a | 157.0 ± 11.9 a |
PEA | 684.3 ± 86.3 a | 715.6 ± 85.5 a | 649.0 ± 67.2 a | 684.5 ± 36.1 a | 571.0 ± 145.4 a | 691.7 ± 65.7 a |
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) | ||||||
POEA | 0.08 ± 0.00 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a |
LEA | 1.16 ± 0.10 a | 1.02 ± 0.16 a | 0.81 ± 0.06 a | 0.86 ± 0.09 a | 0.85 ± 0.05 a | 1.01 ± 0.04 a |
AEA | 0.21 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.18 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.02 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.30 ± 0.02 a |
DHEA | 0.36 ± 0.05 a,b | 0.33 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.23 ± 0.04 b | 0.60 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.22 ± 0.04 b | 1.01 ± 0.06 a |
OEA | 1.48 ± 0.09 a | 1.64 ± 0.25 a | 1.18 ± 0.04 a | 1.40 ± 0.14 a | 1.16 ± 0.09 a | 1.43 ± 0.08 a |
SEA | 2.63 ± 0.04 a | 3.11 ± 0.57 a | 1.65 ± 0.17 a | 2.35 ± 0.22 a | 2.33 ± 0.04 a | 2.72 ± 0.23 a |
PEA | 1.68 ± 0.05 a | 1.79 ± 0.28 a | 1.38 ± 0.04 a | 1.52 ± 0.07 a | 1.41 ± 0.11 a | 1.85 ± 0.11 a |
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Murru, E.; Lopes, P.A.; Carta, G.; Manca, C.; Abolghasemi, A.; Guil-Guerrero, J.L.; Prates, J.A.M.; Banni, S. Different Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Formulations Distinctively Modify Tissue Fatty Acid and N-Acylethanolamine Profiles. Nutrients 2021, 13, 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020625
Murru E, Lopes PA, Carta G, Manca C, Abolghasemi A, Guil-Guerrero JL, Prates JAM, Banni S. Different Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Formulations Distinctively Modify Tissue Fatty Acid and N-Acylethanolamine Profiles. Nutrients. 2021; 13(2):625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020625
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurru, Elisabetta, Paula A. Lopes, Gianfranca Carta, Claudia Manca, Armita Abolghasemi, José L. Guil-Guerrero, José A. M. Prates, and Sebastiano Banni. 2021. "Different Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Formulations Distinctively Modify Tissue Fatty Acid and N-Acylethanolamine Profiles" Nutrients 13, no. 2: 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020625