Krill-Oil-Dependent Increases in HS-Omega-3 Index, Plasma Choline and Antioxidant Capacity in Well-Conditioned Power Training Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Eligibility Criteria and Follow-Up
2.3. Exercise Training Sessions Protocol
2.4. Blood Sample Collection and Analysis of Total Antioxidant Capacity
2.5. HS-Omega-3 Index Analysis
2.6. Choline Analysis
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. HS-Omega-3 Index
3.2. Individual Fatty Acids
3.3. Sum of Fatty Acids
3.4. Exercise Training Session Load
3.5. Choline
3.6. Total Antioxidant Capacity
4. Discussion
- (a)
- Enhanced choline availability
- (b) Optimized HS-Omega-3 Index
- (c) Improved total antioxidant capacity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product | Krill Oil | Placebo |
---|---|---|
Product Name | NKOTM krill oil | Virgin olive oil |
Manufacturer | Aker BioMarine, Norway | Lonza Group, Switzerland |
Amount per capsule (mg) | 500 | 500 |
Capsules per day | 5 | 5 |
Weeks of administration | 12 | 12 |
EPA/DHA (g/100 g) | 16/6 | <1/<1 |
Total phospholipids (g/100 g) | 46 | <1 |
Choline (g/100 g) | 6 | <1 |
Esterified astaxanthin (mg/kg) | 691 | <1 |
Time | Phase | Activity | |
---|---|---|---|
3 months | Subject selection and characterization | 1. Subject selection according to eligibility criteria | |
2. Subject characterization (medical examination, ECG, max exercise test, anthropometry, standard blood analysis) | |||
15 days | Group determination | ||
1 day | First training day | 3. Blood analysis:Omega-3 Index, TAC, inflammatory parameters | |
4. Power training session (Heart rate, lactate, RPE) | |||
5. Blood analysis: TAC, inflammatory parameters | |||
12 weeks | Supplementation period: Placebo (n = 16) / Krill oil (n = 19) | ||
1 day | Second training day | 3. Blood analysis:Omega-3 Index, TAC, inflammatory parameters | |
4. Power training session (Heart rate, lactate, RPE) | |||
5. Blood analysis: TAC, inflammatory parameters |
Product | Krill Oil | Placebo |
---|---|---|
n (male/female) | 19 (16/3) | 16 (11/5) |
Age (years) | 32.5 ± 9.6 | 33.7 ± 8.0 |
BMI (m/kg2) | 23.9 ± 2.4 | 24.3 ± 2.7 |
Body fat (%) | 11.0 ± 2.6 | 11.2 ± 2.6 |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | 65.9 ± 9.55 | 70.8 ± 13.7 |
Maximum heart rate (bpm) | 183.6 ± 11.9 | 182.9 ± 8.9 |
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max ml/min/kg) | 47.9 ± 5.6 | 44.9 ± 4.9 |
Heart rate after 1 min of recovery | 149 ± 15 | 149 ± 18 |
Fatty Acid (%) | Suppl. | Pre | Post | Fatty Acid (%) | Suppl. | Pre | Post | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyunsaturated | 18:3 n-3 (ALA) | Krill oil | 0.08 | 0.08 | ∑Trans | Krill oil | 0.61 | 0.58 |
Placebo | 0.08 | 0.08 | Placebo | 0.61 | 0.59 | |||
20:5 n-3 (EPA) | Krill oil | 0.41 | 1.34 **b | ∑Saturated | Krill oil | 38.84 | 38.69 | |
Placebo | 0.44 | 0.40 | Placebo | 39.24 | 38.96 | |||
22:5 n-3 (DPA) | Krill oil | 1.60 | 2.46 **b | ∑Monounsaturated | Krill oil | 18.29 | 18.13 | |
Placebo | 1.65 | 1.65 | Placebo | 17.90 | 17.96 | |||
22:6 n-3 (DHA) | Krill oil | 4.41 | 5.31 **a | |||||
Placebo | 4.72 | 4.71 | ||||||
18:2 n-6 (linoleic) | Krill oil | 13.41 | 13.05 | |||||
Placebo | 13.68 | 13.30 | ||||||
20:4 n-6 (ARA) | Krill oil | 15.76 | 15.10 * | |||||
Placebo | 15.76 | 16.24 a | ||||||
∑n-3 | Krill oil | 6.51 | 9.18 **b | |||||
Placebo | 6.90 | 6.83 | ||||||
∑n-6 | Krill oil | 35.76 | 33.42 ** | |||||
Placebo | 35.36 | 35.66 b | ||||||
n-6/n-3 | Krill oil | 5.84 | 3.77 ** | |||||
Placebo | 5.27 | 5.37 b | ||||||
ARA/EPA | Krill oil | 50.72 | 13.61 ** | |||||
Placebo | 41.33 | 48.41 b |
First Training Session | Second Training Session | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Krill Oil | Placebo | Krill Oil | Placebo | |
Subject number | 14 | 8 | 14 | 8 |
HR 20 (beats/min) | 173 (9) | 171 (12) | 168 (11) | 166 (13) |
Lactate (mM/mL) | 8.2 (2.2) | 8.5 (3.1) | 8.8 (2.1) | 7.3 (2.3) |
HR 40 (beats/min) | 184 (7) | 179 (9) | 179 (8) | 178 (10) |
Lactate (mM/mL) | 11.6 (1.8) | 12.3 (3.1) | 12.8 (2.0) | 11.6 (3.3) |
RPE | 8.3 (0.7) | 8.4 (0.6) | 8.3 (0.9) | 8.5 (0.7) |
Pre-Supplementation | Post-Supplementation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before 1st Session | After 1st Session | Δ%1 | Before 2nd Session | After 2nd Session | Δ%2 | |
Placebo (n = 8) | 186.0 (±24.9) | 140.7 (±28.0) | −24.4 (±9.8) | 179.0 (±58.5) | 141.5 (±44.4) | −15.8 (±31.0) |
Krill oil (n = 14) | 158.8 (±34.6) | 115.4 (±28.2) | −25.2 (±20.3) | 149.2 (±45.8) | 137.2 (±43.7) | −0.2 (±38.6) |
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Drobnic, F.; Storsve, A.B.; Burri, L.; Ding, Y.; Banquells, M.; Riera, J.; Björk, P.; Ferrer-Roca, V.; Domingo, J.C. Krill-Oil-Dependent Increases in HS-Omega-3 Index, Plasma Choline and Antioxidant Capacity in Well-Conditioned Power Training Athletes. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124237
Drobnic F, Storsve AB, Burri L, Ding Y, Banquells M, Riera J, Björk P, Ferrer-Roca V, Domingo JC. Krill-Oil-Dependent Increases in HS-Omega-3 Index, Plasma Choline and Antioxidant Capacity in Well-Conditioned Power Training Athletes. Nutrients. 2021; 13(12):4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124237
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrobnic, Franchek, Andreas B. Storsve, Lena Burri, Yunpeng Ding, Montserrat Banquells, Joan Riera, Per Björk, Ventura Ferrer-Roca, and Joan Carles Domingo. 2021. "Krill-Oil-Dependent Increases in HS-Omega-3 Index, Plasma Choline and Antioxidant Capacity in Well-Conditioned Power Training Athletes" Nutrients 13, no. 12: 4237. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124237