Eating Alone at Each Meal and Associated Health Status among Community-Dwelling Japanese Elderly Living with Others: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the KAGUYA Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eating Alone at Breakfast a | Eating Alone at Lunch a | Eating Alone at Dinner a | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | OR | n | OR | n | OR | ||||
% | (95% CI) | pb | % | (95% CI) | pb | % | (95% CI) | pb | ||
Gender | ||||||||||
Men | 1378 | 358 | 1 | 330 | 1 | 98 | 1 | |||
26.0 | (ref) | 23.9 | (ref) | 7.1 | (ref) | |||||
Women | 1431 | 438 | 1.26 | 423 | 1.33 | 139 | 1.41 | |||
30.6 | (1.07–1.48) | ** | 29.6 | (1.13–1.58) | ** | 9.7 | (1.07–1.84) | * | ||
Age | ||||||||||
65–69 year | 1062 | 334 | 1 | 328 | 1 | 83 | 1 | |||
31.5 | (ref) | 30.9 | (ref) | 7.8 | (ref) | |||||
70–74 year | 748 | 176 | 0.67 | 160 | 0.61 | 43 | 0.72 | |||
23.5 | (0.54–0.83) | *** | 21.4 | (0.49–0.76) | *** | 5.7 | (0.49–1.05) | |||
75–79 year | 511 | 122 | 0.68 | 121 | 0.69 | 49 | 1.25 | |||
23.9 | (0.54–0.87) | ** | 23.7 | (0.55–0.88) | ** | 9.6 | (0.86–1.81) | |||
80 year or older | 488 | 164 | 1.10 | 144 | 0.94 | 62 | 1.72 | |||
33.6 | (0.88–1.39) | 29.5 | (0.74–1.18) | 12.7 | (1.21–2.43) | ** | ||||
Education history | ||||||||||
9 year or less | 656 | 199 | 1 | 178 | 1 | 75 | 1 | |||
30.3 | (ref) | 27.1 | (ref) | 11.4 | (ref) | |||||
10–12 year | 1274 | 352 | 0.88 | 346 | 1.00 | 100 | 0.66 | |||
27.6 | (0.71–1.08) | 27.2 | (0.81–1.24) | 7.8 | (0.48–0.90) | * | ||||
13 year or more | 860 | 243 | 0.90 | 227 | 0.96 | 61 | 0.59 | |||
28.3 | (0.72–1.13) | 26.4 | (0.77–1.21) | 7.1 | (0.41–0.84) | ** | ||||
Self-assessed living conditions c | ||||||||||
Difficult | 518 | 166 | 1 | 152 | 1 | 49 | 1 | |||
32.0 | (ref) | 29.3 | (ref) | 9.5 | (ref) | |||||
Not difficult | 2270 | 624 | 0.80 | 597 | 0.86 | 185 | 0.85 | |||
27.5 | (0.65–0.99) | * | 26.3 | (0.70–1.06) | 8.1 | (0.61–1.18) | ||||
Area of residence | ||||||||||
Former village areas | 1607 | 480 | 1 | 390 | 1 | 140 | 1 | |||
29.9 | (ref) | 24.3 | (ref) | 8.7 | (ref) | |||||
New residential areas | 1188 | 314 | 0.84 | 361 | 1.36 | 97 | 0.93 | |||
26.4 | (0.71–1.00) | * | 30.4 | (1.15–1.61) | *** | 8.2 | (0.71–1.22) | |||
Working status | ||||||||||
Not working | 2059 | 564 | 1 | 530 | 1 | 175 | 1 | |||
27.4 | (ref) | 25.7 | (ref) | 8.5 | (ref) | |||||
Working | 710 | 221 | 1.20 | 213 | 1.24 | 56 | 0.92 | |||
31.1 | (0.99–1.44) | 30.0 | (1.02–1.49) | * | 7.9 | (0.67–1.26) |
(Eating Breakfast) | (Eating Lunch) | (Eating Dinner) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Together | Alone | pa | Together | Alone | pa | Together | Alone | pa | ||
Subjective health bc | n | 2004 | 792 | 2048 | 748 | 2560 | 236 | |||
Not in good health | n | 290 | 139 | 311 | 118 | 384 | 45 | |||
% | 14.5 | 17.6 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 15.0 | 19.1 | ||||
OR | 1 | 1.27 | 1 | 1.10 | 1 | 1.19 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (1.01–1.61) | * | (ref) | (0.86–1.41) | (ref) | (0.83–1.73) | |||
Medical history b | n | 2004 | 792 | 2047 | 749 | 2561 | 235 | |||
Hypertension | n | 826 | 370 | 872 | 324 | 1090 | 106 | |||
% | 41.2 | 46.7 | 42.6 | 43.3 | 42.6 | 45.1 | ||||
OR | 1 | 1.26 | 1 | 1.06 | 1 | 1.02 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (1.06–1.49) | ** | (ref) | (0.89–1.26) | (ref) | (0.77–1.35) | |||
Diabetes | n | 269 | 116 | 265 | 120 | 349 | 36 | |||
% | 13.4 | 14.6 | 12.9 | 16.0 | 13.6 | 15.3 | ||||
OR | 1 | 1.13 | 1 | 1.38 | 1 | 1.15 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (0.88–1.43) | (ref) | (1.08–1.75) | * | (ref) | (0.78–1.70) | |||
Cardiovascular disease | n | 221 | 95 | 232 | 84 | 285 | 31 | |||
% | 11.0 | 12.0 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 13.2 | ||||
OR | 1 | 1.16 | 1 | 1.08 | 1 | 1.25 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (0.88–1.51) | (ref) | (0.82–1.42) | (ref) | (0.83–1.90) | ||||
Stroke | n | 52 | 16 | 56 | 12 | 63 | 5 | |||
% | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.1 | ||||
OR | 1 | 0.79 | 1 | 0.59 | 1 | 0.85 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (0.45–1.41) | (ref) | (0.31–1.15) | (ref) | (0.33–2.17) | ||||
Osteoporosis | n | 140 | 72 | 150 | 62 | 185 | 27 | |||
% | 7.0 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 11.5 | ||||
OR | 1 | 1.15 | 1 | 1.02 | 1 | 1.29 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (0.84–1.58) | (ref) | (0.74–1.42) | (ref) | (0.82–2.04) | ||||
Rheumatoid arthritis | n | 57 | 18 | 55 | 20 | 64 | 11 | |||
% | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 4.7 | ||||
OR | 1 | 0.78 | 1 | 1.01 | 1 | 1.86 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (0.45–1.34) | (ref) | (0.60–1.71) | (ref) | (0.96–3.61) | ||||
Dyslipidemia | n | 746 | 286 | 779 | 253 | 955 | 77 | |||
% | 37.2 | 36.1 | 38.1 | 33.8 | 37.3 | 32.8 | ||||
OR | 1 | 0.93 | 1 | 0.80 | 1 | 0.85 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (0.78–1.10) | (ref) | (0.67–0.96) | * | (ref) | (0.64–1.14) | |||
Care needs b | n | 2010 | 795 | 2052 | 753 | 2568 | 237 | |||
Certification | n | 102 | 63 | 107 | 58 | 137 | 28 | |||
% | 5.1 | 7.9 | 5.2 | 7.7 | 5.3 | 11.8 | ||||
OR | 1 | 1.24 | 1 | 1.39 | 1 | 1.23 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (0.85–1.82) | (ref) | (0.95–2.05) | (ref) | (0.73–2.10) | ||||
GDS 5 bd | n | 1909 | 765 | 1951 | 723 | 2448 | 226 | |||
Depressive symptoms | n | 426 | 244 | 458 | 212 | 578 | 92 | |||
% | 22.3 | 31.9 | 23.5 | 29.3 | 23.6 | 40.7 | ||||
OR | 1 | 1.71 | 1 | 1.43 | 1 | 2.13 | ||||
(95% CI) | (ref) | (1.40–2.09) | *** | (ref) | (1.17–1.76) | ** | (ref) | (1.57–2.90) | *** |
(Eating Breakfast) | (Eating Lunch) | (Eating Dinner) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Together | Alone | pa | Together | Alone | pa | Together | Alone | pa | ||
BMI: weight (kg)/height (m)2 | n | 1913 | 767 | 1951 | 729 | 2455 | 225 | |||
Mean | 22.7 | 22.7 | 0.890 | 22.7 | 22.7 | 0.627 | 22.7 | 22.4 | 0.570 | |
SD | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||||
Functional capacity | ||||||||||
TMIG-IC | ||||||||||
Instrumental Self-Maintenance b | n | 1916 | 765 | 1954 | 727 | 2457 | 224 | |||
Mean | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.818 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 0.554 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 0.230 | |
SD | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | ||||
Intellectual Activity c | n | 1917 | 759 | 1957 | 719 | 2454 | 222 | |||
Mean | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.001 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.040 | 3.5 | 3.2 | < 0.001 | |
SD | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | ||||
Social Role c | n | 1892 | 761 | 1937 | 716 | 2435 | 218 | |||
Mean | 3.0 | 2.8 | < 0.001 | 3.0 | 2.8 | < 0.001 | 3.0 | 2.6 | < 0.001 | |
SD | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | ||||
TMIG-IC score d | n | 1847 | 736 | 1889 | 694 | 2375 | 208 | |||
Mean | 11.1 | 10.7 | < 0.001 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 0.004 | 11.1 | 10.2 | < 0.001 | |
SD | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.2 | ||||
JST-IC | ||||||||||
Social Engagement c | n | 1896 | 753 | 1931 | 718 | 2429 | 220 | |||
Mean | 1.9 | 1.5 | < 0.001 | 1.8 | 1.5 | < 0.001 | 1.8 | 1.2 | < 0.001 | |
SD | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | ||||
Technology Usage c | n | 1884 | 750 | 1921 | 713 | 2415 | 219 | |||
Mean | 2.9 | 2.8 | 0.039 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 0.942 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 0.486 | |
SD | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | ||||
Information Practice c | n | 1874 | 747 | 1916 | 705 | 2403 | 218 | |||
Mean | 3.1 | 2.9 | 0.003 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.078 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 0.002 | |
SD | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | ||||
Life Management c | n | 1848 | 738 | 1885 | 701 | 2374 | 212 | |||
Mean | 2.9 | 2.6 | < 0.001 | 2.9 | 2.7 | < 0.001 | 2.9 | 2.4 | < 0.001 | |
SD | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | ||||
JST-IC score e | n | 1746 | 692 | 1772 | 666 | 2238 | 200 | |||
Mean | 10.3 | 9.4 | < 0.001 | 10.1 | 9.7 | < 0.001 | 10.1 | 8.6 | < 0.001 | |
SD | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 4.0 |
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Kushida, O.; Moon, J.-S.; Matsumoto, D.; Yamasaki, N.; Takatori, K. Eating Alone at Each Meal and Associated Health Status among Community-Dwelling Japanese Elderly Living with Others: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the KAGUYA Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2805. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092805
Kushida O, Moon J-S, Matsumoto D, Yamasaki N, Takatori K. Eating Alone at Each Meal and Associated Health Status among Community-Dwelling Japanese Elderly Living with Others: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the KAGUYA Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2805. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092805
Chicago/Turabian StyleKushida, Osamu, Jong-Seong Moon, Daisuke Matsumoto, Naomi Yamasaki, and Katsuhiko Takatori. 2020. "Eating Alone at Each Meal and Associated Health Status among Community-Dwelling Japanese Elderly Living with Others: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the KAGUYA Study" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2805. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092805