Seasonal Antimicrobial Activity of the Airway: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants, Interventions and Randomization
2.3. Outcomes
2.4. Adherence
2.5. Vitamin D Measurement
2.6. Human ASL Samples
2.7. ASL Antimicrobial Activity
2.8. Seasons and UV Intensity
2.9. LL-37 Antibody Assay
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. ASL Antimicrobial Activity Analyzed by Season
3.2. Vitamin D3 Levels and Seasonal Pattern
3.3. Supplementation of Vitamin D3 during Winter–Spring, but Not during Summer–Fall, Improves ASL Antimicrobial Activity
3.4. LL-37 Antibody Abrogates Seasonal Differences in ASL Antimicrobial Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subject Characteristics | Summer–Fall | Winter–Spring | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 20 | 20 | … |
Age (years) | 28.9 (19–51) | 26.15 (19–60) | 0.41 |
Male/female sex (%) | 55/45 | 75/25 | 0.32 |
Ethnicity (% white) | 100 | 80 | 0.11 |
Smokers (%) | 30 | 30 | 0.21 |
Pack/years | 24.67 (10–25) | 16.75 (10–45) | 0.24 |
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Vargas Buonfiglio, L.G.; Vanegas Calderon, O.G.; Cano, M.; Simmering, J.E.; Polgreen, P.M.; Zabner, J.; Gerke, A.K.; Comellas, A.P. Seasonal Antimicrobial Activity of the Airway: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2602. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092602
Vargas Buonfiglio LG, Vanegas Calderon OG, Cano M, Simmering JE, Polgreen PM, Zabner J, Gerke AK, Comellas AP. Seasonal Antimicrobial Activity of the Airway: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2602. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092602
Chicago/Turabian StyleVargas Buonfiglio, Luis G., Oriana G. Vanegas Calderon, Marlene Cano, Jacob E. Simmering, Philip M. Polgreen, Joseph Zabner, Alicia K. Gerke, and Alejandro P. Comellas. 2020. "Seasonal Antimicrobial Activity of the Airway: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2602. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092602